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human biology > A1- Cells.tissues and biological molecules > Flashcards

A1- Cells.tissues and biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

C(H2O)n

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

A single small molecule that can be joined with others to form polymers

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3
Q

What is a polymer

A

A single large molecule made from repeating units of monomers

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4
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers of monosaccharides bonded together to form a large molecule

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5
Q

What is glucose and its significance?

A

The most common type of carbohydrate, a polar molecule that is soluble in water

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6
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

6 carbons

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7
Q

What are the two structural forms of glucose?

A

Alpha (α) and Beta (β) glucose

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8
Q

In alpha glucose, where is the hydroxyl (OH) group on carbon number 1 located?

A

Below the ring structure

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9
Q

In beta glucose, where is the hydroxyl (OH) group on carbon number 1 located?

A

Above the ring structure

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10
Q

What is the definition of a monomer

A

A single small molecule that can be joined to others to form a polymer

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11
Q

What is the definition of a polymer

A

A single large molecule made from relating units of monomers

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12
Q

What are polypeptide

A

Polymer of amino acids(monomer) covalent bonded together to form a chain

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reaction occurring within an organisms cell

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14
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bond formed between two monosaccharides

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15
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Bond form by loss of water

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16
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Bond breaking by adding water

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17
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acid with no double bond between carbon atoms

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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms

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19
Q

Phospholipid

A

Lipid with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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20
Q

Protein

A

Polymer made from amino acids

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids with peptide bonds

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22
Q

Secondary structure

A

Amino acids fold into shapes like alpha helix with hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Three dimensional shape with iconic and disulphide bonds

24
Q

Quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptides joined together

25
Q

What are the elements of lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

26
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose, base

27
Q

What is DNA

A

A double helix held by hydrogen bonds

28
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Condensation reaction between 2 nucleotides

29
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

No true nucleus
Circular stand of dna
Ribosomes are smaller 70s
No membrane

30
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes are larger 80s
Linear DNA( straight)
No plasmids

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

32
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

33
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

34
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Control what goes in and out of nucleus

35
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

36
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

37
Q

Glogi apparatus

A

Modifies, packages and transports proteins in vesicles

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of respiration

39
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains enzymes and breaks down debris

40
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Makes lipids and carbohydrates

41
Q

What is collagen the main protein of

A

Skin, tendons, bones and ligament

42
Q

What does collagen do

A

Makes tissues stronger and help them hold their shape
Keeps skin firm and stretchy

43
Q

What is type 1 collagen

A

Found in skin, bones, tendons and provides strength

44
Q

What is type 11 collagen

A

Found in tube cartilage helping cushion joints

45
Q

What is type 111 collagen

A

Support blood vessels and internal organ

46
Q

What is type 1V collagen

A

Forms part of the basement membrane supports layers of cells

47
Q

What does the Fluid mosaic model have

A

Phospholipid bilayer, Peripheral protein, cholesterol and intergal protein

48
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophilic head( loves water)
Hydrophobic tail ( hates water)

49
Q

What is magnification

A

How many times bigger the image is than the object

50
Q

What is resolution

A

The minimum distance that two objects are apart to appear as separate objects

51
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration passive process doesn’t require energy

52
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water molecule from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane

53
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration this require energy

54
Q

What is co transport

A

When two substances move into a cell together through a channel protein

55
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion using a channel protein in the phospholipid bilayer for molecules that are too big

56
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Movement out of the cell using vesicles ( that fuse with the membrane)

57
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Movement into a cell via vesicles formation

human biology (5 decks)

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