A2 Chapter 14. Communication And Internet Technologies

Question 1

What is a protocol?

Answer 1

A set of rules governing communication across a network, agreed by both sender and recipient.

Question 2

What does HTTP stand for?

Answer 2

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Question 3

What is a packet in networking?

Answer 3

A message/data split into smaller groups of bits for transmission over a network.

Question 4

What is a segment in the transport layer?

Answer 4

A unit of data (packet) associated with the transport layer protocols.

Question 5

What does FTP stand for?

Answer 5

File Transfer Protocol

Question 6

What does SMTP stand for?

Answer 6

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question 7

What is a push protocol?

Answer 7

A protocol used when sending emails, where the client keeps the connection active and uploads new emails to the server.

Question 8

What is a binary file?

Answer 8

A file that does not contain only text and is machine-readable but not human-readable.

Question 9

What does MIME stand for?

Answer 9

Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension

Question 10

What is the function of MIME?

Answer 10

A protocol that allows email attachments containing media files as well as text to be sent.

Question 11

What does POP stand for?

Answer 11

Post Office Protocol

Question 12

What does IMAP stand for?

Answer 12

Internet Message Access Protocol

Question 13

What does TCP stand for?

Answer 13

Transmission Control Protocol

Question 14

What is a pull protocol?

Answer 14

A protocol used when receiving emails, where the client periodically connects to a server to check and download new emails.

Question 15

What is host-to-host communication?

Answer 15

A protocol used by TCP when communicating between two devices.

Question 16

What is a host in networking?

Answer 16

A computer or device that can communicate with other computers or devices on a network.

Question 17

What is BitTorrent?

Answer 17

A protocol used in peer-to-peer networks for sharing files between peers.

Question 18

What is a peer in a peer-to-peer network?

Answer 18

A client that is part of a peer-to-peer network or file-sharing community.

Question 19

What is metadata?

Answer 19

A set of data that describes and gives information about other data.

Question 20

What are pieces in peer-to-peer file sharing?

Answer 20

The splitting up of a file when using peer-to-peer file sharing.

Question 21

What is a tracker in peer-to-peer networking?

Answer 21

A central server that stores details of all other computers in the swarm.

Question 22

What is a swarm in peer-to-peer networking?

Answer 22

A group of connected peers (clients) that share a torrent/tracker.

Question 23

What is a seed in peer-to-peer networking?

Answer 23

A peer that has downloaded a file (or pieces of a file) and has made it available to others in the swarm.

Question 24

What is a leech in peer-to-peer networking?

Answer 24

A peer with negative feedback from swarm members.

Question 25

What is a lurker in peer-to-peer networking?

Answer 25

A user/client that downloads files but does not supply any new content to the community.

Question 26

What is the advantage of using layers in networking?

Answer 26

It breaks the process down into manageable self-contained modules (decomposition), making development easier and improving software and hardware compatibility.

Question 27

What are the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol in their order?

Answer 27

Application
Transport
Network (Internet)
Link

Question 28

What are the key protocols involved in the application layer and what are their functions?

Answer 28

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Responsible for the correct transfer of web page files on the World Wide Web.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Handles the sending of emails.
• POP3/4 (Post Office Protocol): Handles the receiving of emails.
• IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Handles email retrieval and synchronization across multiple devices.
• DNS (Domain Name System): Finds the IP address of domain names when sending emails or accessing websites.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Transfers files and attachments over a network.
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol): Helps routers exchange routing information over an IP network.
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Exchanges network management information between network management systems and network devices (e.g., routers, servers).

Question 29

What are the different names for packets at each layer of the network model?

Answer 29

• Frames: At the data-link layer.
• Datagrams: At the internet layer.
• Segments: At the transport layer.
  Different names are used because each layer adds its own header to the packet.

Question 30

What happens when a user requests a web page from a website?

Answer 30

1. The user enters the URL into their browser.
2. HTTP(s) transmits the request from the application layer to the transport layer (TCP).
3. TCP creates data packets and sends them via port 80 to the destination.
4. The DNS server looks up the IP address for the requested domain.
5. The server TCP sends back an acknowledgment.
6. Once communication is established, the web server sends the web page back in HTML format.
7. The browser interprets the page and displays it or sends the data to the media player.

Question 31

What are the additional features of FTP?

Answer 31

• Anonymous FTP: Allows users to access files without identifying themselves to the FTP server (e.g., receiving ‘331 Anonymous access allowed’ confirmation).
• FTP Commands: Users can perform actions on files stored on the FTP server, such as delete, close, rename, change directory (cd for remote, lcd for local).
• FTP Server: The location where files are stored and made available for users to download as needed.