A2 Flashcards
control system
senses change in environment & responds w appropriate internal changes to maintain homeostasis
Negative feedback loop
brings body towards homeostasis
positive feedback loop
brings body away from homeostasis
hormones regulate through
negative feedback
exocrine glands
secrete products that eventually leave the body
Endocrine glands
secrete products that enter the blood stream
pineal gland
regulates sleep cycles
hypothalamus
controls the release of hormones from pituitary gland
thyroid gland
produces T4 & T3
regulates metabolism
produces calcitonin
parathyroid gland
produces PTH that raises blood calcium
adrenal gland
produces cortisol
regulates metabolism & stress respones
produces aldosterone
aldosterone
regulates sodium & water balance
pancreas
produces insulin and glucagon
insulin
lowers blood sugar
is produced by beta cells
glucagon
raises blood sugar
is produced by alpha cells
Testes (male)
produce testosterone
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone
Non target hormone
affects main cells in body
target hormone
affect specific body cells
Tropic
Target hormones that stimulate endocrine gland
water soluble hormones
protein based hormones such as insulin, hGh, & epinephrine bind to receptors outside of cell
fat soluble hormone
dissolves in fat rather than water, can pass through cells, ex. steroid hormones
Pituitary gland
releases tropic hormones that control other endocrine gland
where does posterior pituitary receive nerve signals from and what type
hypothalamus as nerve signals
Posterior pituitary releases
ADH in kidneys and oxytocin in uterus and mammary glands
where does anterior pituitary receive nerve signals from and what type
sends releases hormones as signals
Anterior pituitary releases
hGh, ATCH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL
pancreas is both
exo and endo gland
beta cells
produce insulin
alpha cells
produce glucagon
Glucagon
when theres extra glucose in blood, body stores is at glucagon in liver & muscles which can be used for energy later
blood sugar levels are controlled by
pancreas and adrenal glands
glucose levels in homeostasis
5 mmol/L
diabetes mellitus
where a person consistantly has elevated blood sugar levels
effects of diabetes mellitus
- impacts kidneys ability to absorb water
- glucose in urine increases, increasing urine volume and causing dehydration
diabetes mellitus Symptoms
-thirst
-tiredness
-craving sugary drinks
Type 1 diabetes
can’t produce insulin so glucose can’t removed = glucose stays in blood stream causing high BS
Type 2 diabetes
too much insulin cause insulin receptors to stop working = glucose not being removed from BS
Gestational diabetes
temporary, occurs during pregnancy
Diabetes inspididus
not enough ADH or kidneys don’t dont respond to ADH
Diabetes inspididus effect
excessive urination without affecting blood sugar
Diabetes inspididus treatment
synthetic ADH
metabolism requires what type of process
chemical process
thyroid gland
controls rate of CR
High metabolic rate in thyroid
supports protein synthesis, growth and increase body heat production
direct response
hypothalamus and pituitary are not part of it
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels, helps store more calcium in bones, and reduces how much is absorbed by kidneys
PTH
raises blood calcium levels, takes out calcium from bones, and increases how much is absorbed by kidneys
if water obsorbtion increases
urine is more concentrated and blood is more dilute
cortisol
breaks down muscle and fat cells, raises blood sugar, suppresses immune system
Aldosterone
increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys, raises BP
target site for high blood sugar and feedback
target site for low blood sugar and feedback
target site for decreased metabolism and feedback
target site for high blood calcium and feedback
target site for low blood calcium and feedback
target site for human growth hormone and feedback
target site for dehydration and feedback
target site for short term stress and feedback
target site for long term stress and feedback
