A1.1 water

Question 1

primordial planet

Answer 1

existing in or persisting from the beginning or in the earliest stage of development

Question 2

where did cells fist evolve?

Answer 2

they slowly evolved in the oceans as cells require a complex series of biochemical reactions. ocean provided the solvent for reactions to occur.

Question 3

whats a solvent?

Answer 3

A property of water which involves polar molecules being attracted to the water molecules and spreading out throughout the water.

Question 4

why is water vital to living organisms?

Answer 4

• makes up the cytoplasm in all cells where cellular reactions occur
• makes up the fluid inside of organelles
• found between cells of multicellular organisms
• permits transport of substances into and out of cells
• essential to blood and many other fluids
• provides a medium for aquatic life

Question 5

whats the type of bond between oxygen and two hydrogen bonds?

Answer 5

polar covalent bond

Question 6

what does the equally shared of electrons make?

Answer 6

non-polar covalent bond

Question 7

why is the water molecule a polar covalent bond?

Answer 7

they have unequal sharing of electrons. single atom of oxygen is bonded to two different hydrogen atoms. resulting in a slightly negative charge at the oxygen end and a skightly positive charge at the two hydrogen ends of the molecule.

Question 8

how do water molecules interact with eachother and other molecules?

Answer 8

short lived (ephemral) attractions called hydrogen bonds

Question 9

whats cohesion

Answer 9

when molecules of the same type are attracted to eachother (like water)

Question 10

why does water have surface tension?

Answer 10

due to the layer of water molecules at the surface doesnt have any molecules above it. water molecules show a strong cohesive force to water molecules immediatley around or under it

Question 11

how is water capable of moving up a water column in the vascular tissues of plants?

Answer 11

water moves within the xylem. when water evapourates in the leaf (transpiration) the exiting water molecule is in cohesion with the water in the xylem tube that ajoins with the exit. the evapouration with corresponding cohesion creates a low pressure in this area called tension. the tension pulls the other water molecules so they all move upwards. the evaporation occurs on the stomata of the plant

Question 12

whats adhesion

Answer 12

an attraction between two unlike molecules due to hydrogen bonding

Question 13

how is adhesion and cohesion used up in the xylem?

Answer 13

when water molecules are pulled up, cohesion keeps the water molecules bonded to eachother. when the column is not being pulled up then adhesion keeps the column from dropping down within the tube

Question 14

how is adhesion and cohesion used as capilary action in the soil?

Answer 14

soil has water in microscopic channels. water molecules adhere to the polar molecules making up the soil and other water molecules are sometimes moved by cohesion. the small root hairs od plats interlude into the water-filled spaces in and water is taken into the root.

Question 15

whats aqueous solution?

Answer 15

any substance that has water as the solvent

Question 16

hydophilic

Answer 16

any substance that readily dissolves in water ( water loving)

Question 17

hydrophobic

Answer 17

any substance that does not dissolve easily in water (water fearing)

Question 18

hydrophilic substances in the aqueous solution, cytoplasm blood and water in xylem

Answer 18

glucose
ions
amino acids
proteins

redblood cells
white blood cells
suspended in plasma

inorganic ions
sodium
potassium
calcium

Question 19

hydrophobic examples in living organisms

Answer 19

steroid hormones like testoserone and oestradoil passes directly through plasma and nuclear membrane as they can directly pass throgh hydrophobic layers.

membrane bound proteins are hydrophobic and embed to the hydrophobic layers of a membrane

Question 20

whats buoyancy

Answer 20

ability of an object to float

Question 21

buoyancy water vs air

Answer 21

buoyant force on water is upward because theres more pressure from below than above

an object placed in air has almost insignificant buoyant force

Question 22

whats viscosity

Answer 22

the resistance to flow in a fluid

Question 23

viscosity water vs air

Answer 23

waters resistance of a object moving through it

air is less desne so its less viscous

Question 24

whats thermal conductivity

Answer 24

ability of a material to conduct/ transfer heat

Question 25

thermal conductivity water vs air

Answer 25

thermal conductivity of air is very low compared to water

Question 26

whats specific heat capacity

Answer 26

the amount of heat energy needed to raise one kilogram of a material by 1degreeC

Question 27

specific heat capacity water vs air

Answer 27

airs ability to absorb or give off heat without changing temperature is very low compared to that of water. the temperature of air changes easily and rapidly.

Question 28

water exists in two forms..

Answer 28

difference between the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the hydrogen atoms
‘ordinary water’ no neutrons
‘heavy water’ contains neutrons on the hydrogen atom

Question 29

whats the heavy waters name

Answer 29

deuterium

Question 30

deutriums relation to asteroids

Answer 30

researchers calculate the ratio of hydrogen to deuterium in the water of oceans they get a ratio thats vert simple to the ones in asteroids.

Question 31

Goldilocks zone

Answer 31

area in solar system that alows water to exist in itd liquid form not too hot nor too cold. its the range of distance with the right temperatures for water to remain liquid

Question 32

exoplanets

Answer 32

a planet that orbits a star outside the solar system.

Question 33

solar flux definition

Answer 33

total hemispherical radiation on a tilted surface

Question 34

theory of the origin of water

Answer 34

Asteroids, and the meteorites that break off from them, may be the origin of Earth’s water
many of them contain ice and other organic materials that would have made it possible for life to evolve

Question 35

explain the condition needed to retain water on earth

Answer 35

• presence of an atmosphere
• goldilocks zone
  -gravitiy enough to keep water

Question 36

explain the relationship between water and the search for extra-territial life

Answer 36

habitable zones
where water exists

Question 37

black throat loon adaptations

Answer 37

• Buoyancy: The black-throated loon’s streamlined body and feathers help it float and dive efficiently in water.
• Viscosity: Its shape reduces water resistance, enabling swift movement through the water.
• Thermal Conductivity: Adaptations like insulating feathers help it retain body heat in cold water.
• Specific Heat Capacity: This bird’s adaptations allow it to regulate body temperature despite the cold environment, aided by water’s ability to retain heat.

Question 38

ringed seal adaptations

Answer 38

-Buoyancy: Ringed seals have a robust body structure and a thick layer of blubber that aids in buoyancy. Their streamlined body shape allows them to navigate efficiently through the water while minimizing drag.

• Viscosity: Their streamlined body minimizes resistance, enabling swift movement through water. Additionally, their strong, muscular bodies assist in navigating through varying water viscosities, especially in icy environments.
• Thermal Conductivity: Ringed seals have a dense fur coat and a thick layer of blubber that provide excellent insulation against the cold Arctic waters. This adaptation helps them retain body heat and survive in freezing conditions.

-Specific Heat Capacity: These seals utilize the specific heat capacity of water by accessing warmer, deeper layers when breathing or resting. Their adaptations allow them to maintain body temperature despite the icy environment.