A1: Plant Reproduction Flashcards by Julia Styczen

What are the two types of plant reproduction?

sexual and asexual reproduction

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Explain the life cycle of a plant.

1) germination
2) growing plant
3) flowering plant
4) pollination
5) fertilization
6) dispersal of seeds

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Explain asexual reproduction in plants.

VEGETATIVE GROWTH
- portion of plant is taken
- result: genetically identical progeny

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When is asexual reproduction in plants an advantage?

When the plant shows superior qualities.

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Why is asexual reproduction in plants a disadvantage?

Because there is no genetic variability –> crucial for the health of the plant as a species.

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What is sexual reproduction?

The production of sex gametes followed by their fusion and development into an embryo.

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Explain the plants reproductive organs. What two types are there?

Male reproductive organs:
STAMEN:
- fillament
- anther

Female reproductive organs:
CARPEL:
- stigma
- style
- ovary
- ovule (forms within ovary)

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What does pollination lead to?

the generation of a pollen tube:
- discharge of sperm
- fertilization of the egg
- formation of an embryo

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What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.

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What does the process of polination require?

pollinators

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What are “pollination syndromes”?

flower traits that attract different pollinators.

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What are some examples through which pollination can take place?

wind
water
insect
animal

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What is biotic pollination?

Pollination by organisms.
- ENTOMOPHILY: pollination by insects
- ZOOPHILY: pollination by animals

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How does the majority of pollination occur?

Through biotic pollination (80%).

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What is abiotic pollination?

Pollination by non-organism factors.
ANEMOPHILY: pollination by wind (98%)
HYDROPHYLY: pollination by water

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What is a pollinator?

The agent which moves the pollen.

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What is a pollenizer?

The plant that provides the pollen.

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What are the two ways for pollination to occur?

cross pollination
self pollination

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What factors prevent self fertilization? What do they insure?

RECOGNITION factors.
- ensure genetic variability
- acts as a plants immune system
- recognizes and rejects ‘self pollen’

DEVELOPMENT OF STAMENS AND CARPELS AT DIFFERENT TIMES.
- pin (female) vs thrum (male)

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What is meant by “self-incompatability”?

The ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and the pollen of closely related individuals.

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What are dioecious plants unable to do?

self fertilize.
- they only posess one type of reproductive structure on each individual plant.

What is cross-pollination? What is its other name?

occurs between a pollinator and an externam pollenizer,
“SYNGAMY”
pollen is delivered to a flower of a different plant

What is self-pollination? What is its other name?

pollen moves to th efemale part of the same flower or to another flower on the same plant.
AUTOGAMY
accomplish pollination without an external pollinator

What is CLEISTOGAMY?

autogamy pollination
occurs inside the glower, before the flower opens

What do humans do to prevent self-fertilization?

- remove anthers - develop sterile male plants

What is the proper name of: - mature pollen - embryo sacs

- mature pollen= MICROGAMETOPHYTES - embryo sacs= MEGAGAMETOPHYTES

What is a pollen grain?

- generative cell - tube cell - spore wall | meiosis 2 times + mitosis + cytokinesis

Explain the development of a microgametophyte.

pollen mother cell goes through: - meiosis 1 - meiosis 2 - cytokenesis

What is the female gametophyte?

embryo sac

Explain the development of a megagametophyte.

- meiosis 1 - meiosis 2 - mitosis - cytokenesis

What is the embryo sac composed of?

- three antipodal nuclei - two polar nuclei - 2 synergids - 1 egg

What type of fertilization occurs in plants?

double fertilization

Explain double fertlization.

1) pollen lands on stigma 2) pollen tube extends towards the ovary (generative nucleus undergoes mitosis ---> 2 sperms develop) 3) 2 sperms follow tube nucleus, enter ovule through the micropyle 4.1) one sperm fertilizes the egg (produces the zygote --> divides into the embryo) 4.2) second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei --> forms a tripod nucleus (i the ovules center) --> ENDOSPERM (food storing tissue of the seed)

What is the name of the "food storing tissue of the seed"?

endosperm

What happens after double fertilization?

the ovule develops into the seed (embryo, endosperm and integuments).

What does mitosis allow the plant to do?

- asymmetric mitotic division - differentiates cells - establishes the root-shoot axis

What does the ovule ingrument become?

the seed coat

What part of the plant becomes the fruit?

- tissues of the ovary (carpel) - receptacle

What does the ovule do in wind pollinated plants? (gymnosperms)

exudes sap to trap pollen.

What are the two types of asexual reproduction of plants?

vegetative propagation: - natural - artificial

Explain natural vegetative propagation.

growing of new plants from parts of a parent plant such as underground stems, roots and leaves.

What are some examples of midified stems?

- bulb, - tuber, - corm, - rhizome, - stolons (runners).

What is a bulb?

- short stem base with one or more bulbs enclosed in many fleshy leaves | eg. onion, lily, tulip

What is a corm?

- thick stem base with scaly leaves at the nodes - contains stored food | eg. gladiola, begonia

What is a tuber?

- enlarged stem part - stored food - (the eyes of a potato are its nodes where buds and roots will develop) | eg. potato

What is a rhizome?

- underground stem that grows horizontally near the soil surface - roots and buds develop at nodes and grow into new plants | eg. ginger

What is a stolon? Other name?

- runner - stems grow horizontally above the ground - when the node touches the ground, roots and leaves develop and a new plant grows. | eg. strawberry, bermuda

What are storage roots?

roots which contain food | eg. carrots, radish, and sweet potato

Explain artificial vegetative propagation.

- method of plant propagation - conducted by people

What are some examples of artificial vegetative propagation?

- **cutting** (produces new parts of a plant independent of the parent) - **grafting** (a branch of a stem is cut from one plant and inserted into another allowing the plants to share food and water through their stems) - **layering** (aerial stem is encouraged to grow roots while still attached to the parent plant, and then is removed and planted) - **budding** (cutting a bud from one plant and attaching it to another (bud will attach to the other plant as it grows big)) - **marcotting** (air layering- bark of stem is removed, roots grow out of the stem) - **cloning** (group of cells is cut from the mother plant and placed in an agar growth medium containing nutrients and auxins)

What is the purpose of grafting?

- speed maturity - provide strong stalk - repair damaged trunk (no flow of nutients and water)