Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1. A level year 12 master > A1 Cells > Flashcards

A1 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Release energy/ATP by aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the organelle shown on the electron micrograph

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the organelle shown on the electronmicrograph

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 2 structures found in the nucleus

A

Chromosomes and nucleolus/nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which substances enter and leave the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi vesicles?

A

Transports chemicals across the Golgi apparatus or to the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Hydrolyses dead or damaged organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes and transports proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes and transports steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid outer covering to the plant cell. Supports the plant cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the chemical that makes up the cell wall in plants

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the two chemical components of murein

A

Its is a glycoprotein

Protein and carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the organelle shown on the electronmicrograph

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the chemical that makes up the cell wall in bacteria

A

Murein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the chemical that makes up the cell wall in fungi

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores cell sap. Keeps the cell turgid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The epithelium cells of the small intestine have microvilli on them.
What is their function?

A

Increase surface area for absorption of digested food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar specialised cells that perform a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues which perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of organs which perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which are larger? Prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Give three ways in which prokaryotic cells are different to eukaryotic cells
No membrane-bound organelles eg mitochondria No nucleus Smaller ribosomes Cell wall made of glycoprotein not cellulose
26
Give 3 features that are found in prokaryotic cells and not eukaryotic cells
One or more plasmids A capsule surrounding the cell One or more flagella
27
Give three features found in viruses
Genetic material Capsid Attachment protein
28
Viruses are acellular. What does this mean?
Not made of cells
29
Give 2 advantages of using a light microscope rather than an electron microscope
Can see living cells Cell movement can be observed Very few artefacts Can see natural colour
30
Give two advantages of using an electron microscope rather than a light microscope
Higher resolution Higher magnification
31
Why does an electron microscope give better resolution than a light microscope?
Uses a shorter wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum
32
Give an advantage of a scanning electron microscope over a transmission electron microscope
3D images vs 2D images Observe the surface of a structure
33
Give an advantage of a transmission electron microscope over a scanning electron microscope
Higher resolution. Observe internal structures in the cell
34
Why are cells dead when viewed under an electron microscope?
High energy electrons damage cells Vacuum needed Cells dehydrated
35
What does magnification mean?
How large the image is compared to real life
36
What does resolution mean?
The smallest distance below which two discrete objects will be seen as one.
37
What is the formula for calculating magnification?
Magnification = size of image/size of real object
38
Describe how cell components can be separated in a lab.
Cell fractionation Homogenate made by using a blender or mortar and pestle. Filter - to remove cell debris Centrifuge Use different speeds to separate components of different density.
39
How is pH maintained when separating cell components?
Buffer
40
Why is an isotonic suspension needed when separating cell components?
Prevent osmosis. Prevent organelles shrinking or bursting
41
How is enzyme activity reduced when separating cell components?
Ice cold conditions
42
What is an artefact?
A change in the structure of an organelle during the preparation for observation under an electron microscope.
43
In which type of cell would the 80S ribosome be found?
Eukaryotic cell
44
Where would an 70S ribosome be found?
Prokaryotic cell Mitochondria Chloroplasts
45
When observing cells under a microscope why does the specimen need to be thin?
Single layer of cells, Allows light to pass through
46
How is a temporary slide prepared for viewing?
Add drop of water to slide Take a thin (1 cell thick) tissue sample Place on glass slide (float on water) Add stain Lower coverslip onto slide using a mounted needle
47
Give 3 rules when producing a scientific drawing
No shading Single lines (no sketching) Add labels/annotations No crossed guidelines Add magnification/scale bar
48
How could the mean length of a cell be determined using an eye piece graticule?
Place micrometer on stage Calibrate the graticule using a stage micrometer Measure length of a random selection of cells using the graticule. Calculate the mean
49
Describe the structure of a lysosome
Sac surrounded by a single membrane Proton pumps maintain acidic conditions Contains hydrolytic enzymes called lysozyme
50
Describe the structure of a ribosome
Made of RNA and protein Free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum Large subunit - joins amino acids Small subunit - contains mRNA binding site
51
Describe the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae - network of tubes and flattened sacs extends from nuclear membrane to cell membrane Ribosomes attached to the outer surface
52
Describe the structure of the plant cell wall
Made of cellulose microfibrils Pores (plasmodesmata) allow molecules to pass between cells
53
Describe the structure of the plant vacuole
Surrounded by a single membrane - tonoplast Contains cell sap - water, mineral ions, enzymes, soluble pigments.
54
Describe and explain the adaptions shown by an epithelium cell of the small intestine
Folded membrane (microvilli) increase surface area for diffusion Many mitochondria - large amount of ATP needed for active transport
55
State the role of plasmids in prokaryotes
Small rind of DNA that carriers non-essential genes Can be exchanged between bacteria
56
State the role of the capsule in prokaryotes
Polysaccharide layer that Prevents desiccation Acts as a food reserve Adhesive Mechanical protection against phagocytosis
57
Describe the structure of a viral particle
Linear genetic material (DNA or RNA) Viral enzymes eg. reverse transcriptase Surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) No cytoplasm Attachment proteins on outer surface
58
State the role of attachment proteins on viral particles
Enable virus to bind to complementary sites on host cell
59
Describe how a transition electron microscope works
High energy beam of electrons pass through thin slice of specimen More dense structures appear darker as they absorb more electrons Focus image onto fluorescent screen or photographic plate using magnetic lenses
60
Name the type of microscope used to produce this image of a pollen grain
Transmission electron microscope
61
Describe how a scanning electron microscope works
Focus beam of electrons onto a specimens surface using electromagnetic lenses Reflected electrons hit a collecting device and are amplified to produce an image on a photographic plate or fluorescent screen
62
Describe how an optical microscope works
Lenses focus rays of light and magnify the view of a thin slice of specimen Different structures absorb different amounts and wavelengths of light Reflected light is transmitted to the observer via the objective and eyepiece lens
63
Name the organelle shown on the electronmicrograph
Chloroplast
64
Name the type of microscope used to produce this electron micrograph
Scanning electron microscope

1. A level year 12 master (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions