A1 and A2 - Structure of Skeletal System and Functions of the Skeletal System

Question 1

What is kyphosis?

Answer 1

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

Question 2

What is scoliosis?

Answer 2

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Question 3

What is ossification?

Answer 3

the process in which bone is formed.

Question 4

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 4

a cell which secretes the substance of bone.

Question 5

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 5

large bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Question 6

Name the three spine alignments

Answer 6

neutral, kyphosis and scoliosis.

Question 7

Name the five bone types

Answer 7

long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular.

Question 8

Name three examples of a long bone type

Answer 8

tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, phalanges, humerus, radius, ulna or metacarpals.

Question 9

Name both examples of a short bone type

Answer 9

carpals and tarsals.

Question 10

Name two examples of a flat bone type

Answer 10

cranium, sternum, scapula or ribs.

Question 11

Name an example of a sesamoid bone type

Answer 11

patella.

Question 12

Name an example of a irregular bone type

Answer 12

vertebrae.

Question 13

What are the function of long bones?

Answer 13

• source of red blood cell production; essential for oxygen delivery.
• enables large movements, allowing increased speed or range in which an object can be moved.
• acts as levers to generate more force on an object.

Question 14

What are the function of short bones?

Answer 14

• increase stability and reduce unwanted movement.
• weight bearing; helping the body to remain upright or hold balance.
• absorb shock, such as when running.

Question 15

What are the function of sesamoid bones?

Answer 15

• ease joint movement, meaning more fluid.

- resist friction so movement is not slowed down.

Question 16

What are the function of flat bones?

Answer 16

• protect vital organs to reduce injury.
• enable muscle attachment to create movement.
• produce blood cells in adults.

Question 17

Explain how a long bone type can be applied in sport

Answer 17

in football the femur allows a large movement to increase power as the ball is kicked.

Question 18

Explain how a sesamoid bone type can be applied in sport

Answer 18

in football the patella allows ease of movement at the knee.

Question 19

Explain how a flat bone type can be applied in sport

Answer 19

• in football the pelvis provides large areas for muscle attachment so the hip can be extended to prepare to kick the ball.
• in rugby the ribs protect the lungs when getting tackled.

Question 20

Explain how a short bone type can be applied in sport

Answer 20

in football tarsals support the body weight so the player remains upright.

Question 21

Name two functions of the skeleton

Answer 21

• support, give body shape and provide the supporting framework for the soft tissues of your body.
• bones of the skeleton surround and protect vital tissue of your body.
• attachment for skeletal muscles.
• source of blood cell production.
• store of minerals.

Question 22

Explain bone growth

Answer 22

1) it begins with unnecessary calcium being removed via the cell osteoclasts while new layers of bone tissue is created.
2) Osteoblasts bring calcium to the bones and are responsible for creating bone matter.
4) The ends of each long bone contain epiphyseal plates which allow the bone to grow longer and to extend.
5) Once the long bone is fully formed, the end of each bone fuses with the main shaft (diaphysis) to create the epiphyseal line.

Question 23

Name the five areas of the spine (top-bottom)

Answer 23

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.

Question 24

Name the three curves of the spine (top-bottom)

Answer 24

cervical, thoracic and lumbar