A02 The musculosketal system and movement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the two main sections of the human skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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2
Q

What are the six main parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull bones, ossicles (inner ear), hyoid bone, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column (spine).

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3
Q

What are the six main parts of the appendicular skeleton?

A

collarbone and shoulder blades, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs, legs, feet and the ankles.

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4
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bones that support the body’s appendages.

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5
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton important for?

A

Movement of the body and is also useful in the interaction with others and objects.

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6
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A connective tissue which is made up of collagen fibres and elastic fibres in a dense matrix.

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7
Q

How is the matrix produced?

A

By cells called chondroblasts.

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8
Q

How is cartilage?

A

Much stiffer than and much less flexible than muscle. However, not as rigid as bone.

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9
Q

What is cartilage used for?

A

Used around the body to hold tubes open.

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10
Q

What is the first layer of bone?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue known as periosteum.

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11
Q

What does the periosteum provide?

A

Provides a good blood supply to the bone and is also a good connection point for muscles.

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12
Q

What is under the periosteum?

A

A thin layer of compact bones, which gives the bone it’s strength.

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13
Q

What is found inside the compact bone?

A

Spongy bone, which is very porous and lightweight.

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14
Q

What is spongy bone made up of?

A

An irregular arrangement of tissue which allows maximum strength.

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15
Q

What is the centre of the bone?

A

Medullary cavity.

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16
Q

What does the medullary cavity consist of?

A

Red and yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, protection, movement, bone marrow, blood cell production and resorption.

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18
Q

What does the skeleton provide?

A

Provides the body with support and keeps all of the organs in their correct places.

19
Q

Because of the strong bones in our spine pelvis and legs…

A

we are able to stand up straight while supporting the weight of the rest of the body.

20
Q

What is the resorption of the bone?

A

The process if breaking down old bone.

21
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process of creating new bone by transforming into bone.

22
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

The mist common joints in the body and often contain a joint cavity.

23
Q

What is a joint cavity?

A

Fluid filled space where the surface of the bone meets.

24
Q

How is the synovial joint different from other joints?

A

Bones are not directly connected together with cartilage or connective tissue.

25
Q

How are synovial joints adapted?

A

Allows bones to move smoothly against each other which gives the body increased mobility.

26
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Gliding/plain joint, hinge joint, ball and socket joint and pivot joint.

27
Q

What are myofibrills?

A

Contain bundles of filaments that are thick and thin, which are known as myofilaments.

28
Q

What happens when the thick and thin myofilaments move past each other?

A

Make muscles contract.

29
Q

What are thin myofilaments made up of?

A

Protein called actin.

30
Q

What are thick myofilaments made up of?

A

Protein myosin.

31
Q

What is myofibril made up of?

A

Lots of short units called sacromeres.

32
Q

Describe the sarcomere

A

At the end of every sarcomere is marked with a z line
The middle there is an M line which goes down the middle of the myosin filaments
The H zone surrounds the M line and only contains myosin filaments.

33
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin and actin slide over each other, making the sarcomeres contract.

34
Q

What does the contraction of sarcomeres means?

A

Myofibrils and muscle fibres contract.

35
Q

Describe slow twitch fibres

A

Contract slowly and work for long periods of time without getting tired.

36
Q

Where can slow twitch fibres be found?

A

Muscles in the back and calves.

36
Q

Where can slow twitch fibres be found?

A

Muscles in the back and calves.

37
Q

What are slow twitch fibres good for?

A

Endurance activities as they don’t get tired easily.

38
Q

How do slow twitch fibres release energy?

A

Through aerobic respiration.

39
Q

How are slow twitch fibres adapted?

A

Contain a lot of blood vessels and a lot of mitochondria, this is to supply the muscle with oxygen.

40
Q

Describe fast twitch fibres

A

They contract very quickly and also get fatigue very quickly, this is because of the anaerobic respiration of lactate.

41
Q

Where are fast twitch fibres found?

A

Places that need short bursts of speed and power, such as arms and legs.

42
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

Molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds