A02 The musculosketal system and movement

Question 1

What is the two main sections of the human skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial and appendicular.

Question 2

What are the six main parts of the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

Skull bones, ossicles (inner ear), hyoid bone, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column (spine).

Question 3

What are the six main parts of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 3

collarbone and shoulder blades, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs, legs, feet and the ankles.

Question 4

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 4

Bones that support the body’s appendages.

Question 5

What is the appendicular skeleton important for?

Answer 5

Movement of the body and is also useful in the interaction with others and objects.

Question 6

What is cartilage?

Answer 6

A connective tissue which is made up of collagen fibres and elastic fibres in a dense matrix.

Question 7

How is the matrix produced?

Answer 7

By cells called chondroblasts.

Question 8

How is cartilage?

Answer 8

Much stiffer than and much less flexible than muscle. However, not as rigid as bone.

Question 9

What is cartilage used for?

Answer 9

Used around the body to hold tubes open.

Question 10

What is the first layer of bone?

Answer 10

Thin layer of connective tissue known as periosteum.

Question 11

What does the periosteum provide?

Answer 11

Provides a good blood supply to the bone and is also a good connection point for muscles.

Question 12

What is under the periosteum?

Answer 12

A thin layer of compact bones, which gives the bone it’s strength.

Question 13

What is found inside the compact bone?

Answer 13

Spongy bone, which is very porous and lightweight.

Question 14

What is spongy bone made up of?

Answer 14

An irregular arrangement of tissue which allows maximum strength.

Question 15

What is the centre of the bone?

Answer 15

Medullary cavity.

Question 16

What does the medullary cavity consist of?

Answer 16

Red and yellow bone marrow

Question 17

What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 17

Support, protection, movement, bone marrow, blood cell production and resorption.

Question 18

What does the skeleton provide?

Answer 18

Provides the body with support and keeps all of the organs in their correct places.

Question 19

Because of the strong bones in our spine pelvis and legs…

Answer 19

we are able to stand up straight while supporting the weight of the rest of the body.

Question 20

What is the resorption of the bone?

Answer 20

The process if breaking down old bone.

Question 21

What is ossification?

Answer 21

The process of creating new bone by transforming into bone.

Question 22

What are synovial joints?

Answer 22

The mist common joints in the body and often contain a joint cavity.

Question 23

What is a joint cavity?

Answer 23

Fluid filled space where the surface of the bone meets.

Question 24

How is the synovial joint different from other joints?

Answer 24

Bones are not directly connected together with cartilage or connective tissue.

Question 25

How are synovial joints adapted?

Answer 25

Allows bones to move smoothly against each other which gives the body increased mobility.

Question 26

What are the types of synovial joints?

Answer 26

Gliding/plain joint, hinge joint, ball and socket joint and pivot joint.

Question 27

What are myofibrills?

Answer 27

Contain bundles of filaments that are thick and thin, which are known as myofilaments.

Question 28

What happens when the thick and thin myofilaments move past each other?

Answer 28

Make muscles contract.

Question 29

What are thin myofilaments made up of?

Answer 29

Protein called actin.

Question 30

What are thick myofilaments made up of?

Answer 30

Protein myosin.

Question 31

What is myofibril made up of?

Answer 31

Lots of short units called sacromeres.

Question 32

Describe the sarcomere

Answer 32

At the end of every sarcomere is marked with a z line
The middle there is an M line which goes down the middle of the myosin filaments
The H zone surrounds the M line and only contains myosin filaments.

Question 33

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 33

Myosin and actin slide over each other, making the sarcomeres contract.

Question 34

What does the contraction of sarcomeres means?

Answer 34

Myofibrils and muscle fibres contract.

Question 35

Describe slow twitch fibres

Answer 35

Contract slowly and work for long periods of time without getting tired.

Question 36

Where can slow twitch fibres be found?

Answer 36

Muscles in the back and calves.

Question 36

Where can slow twitch fibres be found?

Answer 36

Muscles in the back and calves.

Question 37

What are slow twitch fibres good for?

Answer 37

Endurance activities as they don’t get tired easily.

Question 38

How do slow twitch fibres release energy?

Answer 38

Through aerobic respiration.

Question 39

How are slow twitch fibres adapted?

Answer 39

Contain a lot of blood vessels and a lot of mitochondria, this is to supply the muscle with oxygen.

Question 40

Describe fast twitch fibres

Answer 40

They contract very quickly and also get fatigue very quickly, this is because of the anaerobic respiration of lactate.

Question 41

Where are fast twitch fibres found?

Answer 41

Places that need short bursts of speed and power, such as arms and legs.

Question 42

What is creatine phosphate?

Answer 42

Molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds