A02 The musculosketal system and movement Flashcards
What is the two main sections of the human skeleton?
Axial and appendicular.
What are the six main parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull bones, ossicles (inner ear), hyoid bone, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column (spine).
What are the six main parts of the appendicular skeleton?
collarbone and shoulder blades, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs, legs, feet and the ankles.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Bones that support the body’s appendages.
What is the appendicular skeleton important for?
Movement of the body and is also useful in the interaction with others and objects.
What is cartilage?
A connective tissue which is made up of collagen fibres and elastic fibres in a dense matrix.
How is the matrix produced?
By cells called chondroblasts.
How is cartilage?
Much stiffer than and much less flexible than muscle. However, not as rigid as bone.
What is cartilage used for?
Used around the body to hold tubes open.
What is the first layer of bone?
Thin layer of connective tissue known as periosteum.
What does the periosteum provide?
Provides a good blood supply to the bone and is also a good connection point for muscles.
What is under the periosteum?
A thin layer of compact bones, which gives the bone it’s strength.
What is found inside the compact bone?
Spongy bone, which is very porous and lightweight.
What is spongy bone made up of?
An irregular arrangement of tissue which allows maximum strength.
What is the centre of the bone?
Medullary cavity.
What does the medullary cavity consist of?
Red and yellow bone marrow
What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?
Support, protection, movement, bone marrow, blood cell production and resorption.
What does the skeleton provide?
Provides the body with support and keeps all of the organs in their correct places.
Because of the strong bones in our spine pelvis and legs…
we are able to stand up straight while supporting the weight of the rest of the body.
What is the resorption of the bone?
The process if breaking down old bone.
What is ossification?
The process of creating new bone by transforming into bone.
What are synovial joints?
The mist common joints in the body and often contain a joint cavity.
What is a joint cavity?
Fluid filled space where the surface of the bone meets.
How is the synovial joint different from other joints?
Bones are not directly connected together with cartilage or connective tissue.
How are synovial joints adapted?
Allows bones to move smoothly against each other which gives the body increased mobility.
What are the types of synovial joints?
Gliding/plain joint, hinge joint, ball and socket joint and pivot joint.
What are myofibrills?
Contain bundles of filaments that are thick and thin, which are known as myofilaments.
What happens when the thick and thin myofilaments move past each other?
Make muscles contract.
What are thin myofilaments made up of?
Protein called actin.
What are thick myofilaments made up of?
Protein myosin.
What is myofibril made up of?
Lots of short units called sacromeres.
Describe the sarcomere
At the end of every sarcomere is marked with a z line
The middle there is an M line which goes down the middle of the myosin filaments
The H zone surrounds the M line and only contains myosin filaments.
What is the sliding filament theory?
Myosin and actin slide over each other, making the sarcomeres contract.
What does the contraction of sarcomeres means?
Myofibrils and muscle fibres contract.
Describe slow twitch fibres
Contract slowly and work for long periods of time without getting tired.
Where can slow twitch fibres be found?
Muscles in the back and calves.
Where can slow twitch fibres be found?
Muscles in the back and calves.
What are slow twitch fibres good for?
Endurance activities as they don’t get tired easily.
How do slow twitch fibres release energy?
Through aerobic respiration.
How are slow twitch fibres adapted?
Contain a lot of blood vessels and a lot of mitochondria, this is to supply the muscle with oxygen.
Describe fast twitch fibres
They contract very quickly and also get fatigue very quickly, this is because of the anaerobic respiration of lactate.
Where are fast twitch fibres found?
Places that need short bursts of speed and power, such as arms and legs.
What is creatine phosphate?
Molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds
