A Tour of the Cell

Question 1

Prokaryotic V. Eukaryotic

Answer 1

Eukaryotic has most DNA in a nucleus, while prokaryotic (usually single celled) has DNA in a non-membrane enclosed nucleoid

Question 2

Nucleus function

Answer 2

houses chromosomes; contains nucleoli where ribosomal subunits are made; pores in the double membrane regulate entry and exit of materials

Question 3

Ribosome function

Answer 3

protein synthesis

Question 4

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and saces; membrane seperates lumen from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 5

Smooth ER function

Answer 5

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, calcium storage, detoxification

Question 6

Rough ER function

Answer 6

aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins; produces new membrane

Question 7

Golgi Apparatus function

Answer 7

modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of polysaccharides; sorting of golgi products, which are then released into vesicles

Question 8

Lysosome function

Answer 8

breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling;

Question 9

Vacuole funciton

Answer 9

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, protection

Question 10

Mitochondria function

Answer 10

cellular respiration

Question 11

Chloroplast function

Answer 11

Photosynthesis

Question 12

Peroxisome function

Answer 12

contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substates to oxygen, replacing the hydrogen peroxide and converting to water by another enzyme.

Question 13

Cytoskeleton funciton

Answer 13

structural support for the cell and in motility and signal transmission

Question 14

Microtubule function

Answer 14

guide organelle movement and separate chromosomes in dividing cells

Question 15

Cilia and flagella functions

Answer 15

motile appendages contain microtubes; primary cilia also play sensory and signaling roles

Question 16

microfilaments function

Answer 16

muscle contraction, amoeboid movement

Question 17

Intermediate filaments function

Answer 17

support cell shape and fix organelles in place

Question 18

Cell walls

Answer 18

made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

Question 19

Extracellular matrix function

Answer 19

support, adhesion, movement and regulation

Question 20

Microvilli

Answer 20

projections that increase the cells surface area

Question 21

Centrosome

Answer 21

region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles

Question 22

Central Vacuole

Answer 22

predominant organelle in older plant cells that functions as a major mechanism of plant growth, storage, hydrolysis of macromolecules breakdown of waste products

Question 23

Plasmodesmata

Answer 23

cytoplasmic channels thru cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Question 24

Chromatin

Answer 24

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

Question 25

Nuclear lamina

Answer 25

netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

Question 26

The endomembrane system consists of

Answer 26

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane

Question 27

Transport vesicles

Answer 27

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Question 28

Autophagy

Answer 28

lysosome break down damaged organelles

Question 29

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 29

pump excess water out of the cell

Question 30

Stroma

Answer 30

fluid in the chloroplast that contains chloroplast DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes

Question 30

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 30

an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, eventually forming a relationship and giving rise to the mitochondria in cells. Eventually led to chloroplasts as well.

Question 31

Thylakoid

Answer 31

membrane interconnected sacs in chloroplasts

Question 32

granum

Answer 32

the stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts

Question 33

plastids

Answer 33

plant organelles

Question 34

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 34

a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

Question 35

Plasmodesmata

Answer 35

channels that connect cells; perforations in cell walls so the cytoplasm of one plant cell is continuous with the cytoplasm of neighboring cells