A: Renaissance Europe 4. The Exchange of ideas p. 78 Flashcards
What is the scientific method?
The process of making observations, experimenting, and drawing conclusions based on evidence
What is astronomy?
the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.
Who were the important astronomers?
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Johannes Kepler
- Galileo Galilei
What is astrology?
The science of stars
What is anatomy?
The science that deals with the structure of animals and plants
During the Renaissance, dissection was made legal for the purposes of study in many italian cities. De humani corporis fabrica = On the fabric of the human body –> a book that illustrated detailed accurate drawings
What is perspective?
The technique of representing objects in paintings as it appears to the eye
What is a political scientist?
A person who describes and analyzes political processes and institution
Who is Niccolo Machiavelli?
A crafty, unscrupulous person who seeks and holds powers by any means possible would be called Machiavellian since Machiavelli was like that.
He wrote a book called The Prince that was the most controversial and influential political text ever written.
Surprising ideas
Was a humanist
“It is a good general rule about men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, fearful of danger and greedy for gain”
“In actions of all men, especially princes, where there is no recourse to justice, the end is all that counts. A prince should only be concerned with conquering or maintaining a state…” –> the ends justify the means
What is allegory?
A work in which the characters and events are meant to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing deeper moral or political meaning
Vanities
Symbols of rich living such as fancy clothes, books or paintings
What is excommunication?
Official exclusion front the Catholic Church
Girolamo Savonarola, a monk, continuously ranted against the pope and the Church in Rome, and his call for the establishment of a separate council to oppose the pope led to his excommunication, that is, official exclusion from the Church.
In 1498, Savonarola was tried for heresy, found guilty, and executed.
What are indulgences?
Certificates that reduced the time people would be punished for their sins after they die
The church made money by selling indulgences.
In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences on the Church door in Wittenberg. He challenged other scholars to debate Church issues.
What is reformation?
Describe Luther’s involvement in the Protestant reformation.
A religions movement to change or reform the Catholic Church
The protestant reformation came about after Luther translated the bible “Protestant Translation” so that many Germans now had access to the bible with protestant views. The Lutheran church was born. Before long, Luther’s ideas spread across Europe.
What is the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic church lost much of its authority and membership because of the Protestant Reformation. Pope Paul III called a series of meetings (The Council of Trent) at which the Church examined its policies. Corruption among the higher clergy was cleaned up and priests were given a better education.
New religious orders that converted people to Catholicism were established at this time.
What is a manuscript?
Books written a by hand
