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1. Social 8 > A: Renaissance Europe - 2. The Expansion of Trade p. 39 > Flashcards

A: Renaissance Europe - 2. The Expansion of Trade p. 39 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Marco Polo?

A
  • 1254 - 1324
  • born in Venice
  • Had outrageous stories about his travels
  • was a merchant
  • adventurer: traveled from Europe to Asia in 1271–95, remaining in China for 17 of those years.
  • dressed in wide pointy straw hat
  • had diamonds, rubies, amethysts, and other precious stones
  • wrote a book about his travels to present day China and this book was translated into many languages
  • some of his stories may be borrowed from other merchants he met on the road and may not actually tell what he did personally
  • travelled the “Silk Road”
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2
Q

Trade

A

The exchange of goods

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3
Q

Silk Road

A
  • name given to routes that connected civilizations from the Mediterranean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East

Routes go through south Asia, Europe, Africa, Indian Ocean etc.

Basically not North and South America and Australia but everything else.

More than trade goods were passed along these routes - intercultural contact led to exchanges of ideas and knowledge.

Few of the travelers along the road were European.

Camel caravans travelled long distances moving goods from one region to another

There was also extensive trade by sea

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4
Q

What did East Africa trade?

A
  • gold
  • ivory
  • slaves
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5
Q

What did India trade?

A
  • pepper
  • cottons
  • sugar
  • dyestuffs
  • precious stones
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6
Q

What did Sri Lanka trade?

A
  • cinnamon
  • precious stones
  • ivory
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7
Q

What did China trade?

A
  • silks
  • drugs
  • perfumes
  • porcelain
  • ginger
  • cinnamon
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8
Q

What did the East Indies trade?

East Indies: the islands that extend in a wide belt along both sides of the Equator between the Asian mainland to the north and west and Australia to the south, including:

  • Indonesia
  • Philippines
  • Mainland South-east Asia
  • India is sometimes included in East Indies
A
  • spices including nutmeg and cloves from Indonesia and pepper from India
  • camphor (a chemical that used to be made by distilling the bark and wood of the camphor tree; a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma; Camphor has been used as a folk medicine over centuries, probably most commonly as a decongestant. Camphor was used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation. Camphor also was used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes. In Europe, camphor was used after the Black Death era.)
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9
Q

What was result of trade with the east?

A

New business practices and increased wealth

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10
Q

What were the most sought out goods and why?

A

Spices, because they added flavor to European food

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11
Q

What started trade with the east?

A

The Christian military crusades

Trade between Venice and other Italian cities and the East had be established several centuries before Marco Polo started his journeys. The trade began because of the series of religious wars between Christian and Muslim forces, known as the Crusades.

During this time the Muslim world was more advanced than Europe. This gave Europeans the chance to learn new ideas about medicine etc.

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12
Q

Crusade

A

A Christian military expedition

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13
Q

What were the crusades?

A

Palestine contained religious sites sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and was under Christian control for many centuries. The Turks took over in the 7th century and later became Muslims.

In 1095 Pope Urban II launched a Christian Crusade to drive out the Muslims from Palestine. This was part of the story that started the crusades later. The crusades led to trade.

In the end the Muslims regained all their lands.

In 1187 the Muslim leader Sultan Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, uniting the Muslims and bringing an end to the Crusades.

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14
Q

What was a result of the Christian military crusades?

A

Contact with Muslim civilizations, new luxury items, and trade routes

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15
Q

How many major crusades to the Holy Land were there?

A

Four:

  1. 1096-1099
  2. 1147-1149
  3. 1189-1192
  4. 1202-1204

see p.41 for a map

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16
Q

Describe the first Crusade

A
  • The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule
  • 1096–1099
  • faithful Christians undertook an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
  • this Crusade created a Christian kingdom in Jerusalem (in the Middle East)
  • The kingdom lasted for about 100 years
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17
Q

What were two results of the Christian military crusades?

A

Contact with Muslim civilization

Trade

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18
Q

What modes of transportation were used to trade?

A
  • ships along the coast
  • boats on rivers
  • horse, mule, or ox over land
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19
Q

What did contact with Muslim civilization bring?

A

New ideas about medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, and ancient literature and goods such as oil, spices, and new varieties of fruit

Muslim societies were inclusive and welcomed the contributions of Christian and Jewish scholars.

20
Q

Monarchy

A

A country ruled by a King or Queen

21
Q

Republic

A

A state in which power is held by the people

22
Q

What is a city state?

A

A politically independent area and the rural area around it.

The rural area around it is called the hinterland.

Not governed by a King or Queen

23
Q

Hinterland

A

A rural area around a city state

24
Q

Which present-day country was collection of city states in the Renaissance?

A

Italy

There were dozens of city states that were in the right place at the right time to become the wealthiest cities of Europe.

25
Q

What made city-states successful in the Renaissance? What were the four reasons the Italian city-states had so much success?

A

Geography
Climate
Leadership
Social organization

Geography: Italy was the closest to the port cities of northern Africa and eastern Mediterranean Sea where goods were available for trade

Climate: Italy is milder than European countries north of the Alps so trade was not interrupted in the winter and provided a long growing season for olives and grapes (grapes used to make wine and olives used to make oil)

Leadership: not a monarchy, but a collection of independent city-states such as Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa that had control of their own affairs leading to wealth and allowing trade, business, and banking

Social organization: feudalism was not as strong in Italy since nobles chose to move into towns and took places in the upper classes rather than controlling the peasants in the countryside.

26
Q

Which Italian city-state was known for being the largest ship-building center in Europe that employed 200-300 workers?

A

Venice, founded in Roman times on a group of islands in a protected harbour so it was easily defended from invasion, became a great trading centre as a result of its dealings with the East

27
Q

Why was there rivalry between city-states?

A

they all wanted to expand their trade and business

For example, Genoa fought Venice in 1380 and Genoa never regained its former power

28
Q

Why was Italy such a great place to trade?

A

It was in the middle of the trade routes and it was accessible by water

see p. 44 for map of European Renaissance trade routes

29
Q

Relief map

A

Shows different heights of land

30
Q

What was so great about Italy’s climate?

A

The climate was milder, so trade wasn’t interrupted

31
Q

What was so great about Italy’s leadership?

A

Most countries were monarchies, but Italy was a collection of city states, they had their own armies and governments

32
Q

What was different about Italy’s social organization?

A

Feudalism wasn’t that big and nobles tended to move into towns where they took place in upper class society and became involved in politics

33
Q

Why was there rivalry among the city states?

A

They all wanted to expand their trade and businesses. And the hinterland was providing them with some resources

34
Q

How did merchants make their money?

A

Merchants made money by purchasing good in one place and selling them for a higher price. As well as dealing other goods

35
Q

Who are the Ciompi?

A

Also known as wool carders, the workers called the ciompi who did not belong to guilds had high unemployment rates. The ciompi wanted to form their own guild but the larger guilds and the government denied the request since the government was run by the wealthy merchants. The ciompi eventually called for an uprising of the lower classes and tried to take over the government of Florence. But they were eventually defeated by the powerful guilds.

36
Q

Why did the Ciompi revolt?

A

Because there was high unemployment rate for those who did not belong to guilds, they wanted to form their own guilds but the government refused.

The Ciompi Revolt was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in the Republic of Florence in Tuscany, Italy, from 1378 to 1382.

37
Q

What was the most important currency in London?

A

The coins from Florence called florin

38
Q

Who was the Medici family?

A

The most powerful and famous family in Florence, Italy. They made a fortune as wool and silk merchants and bankers, built alliances with other wealthy families and married into Europe’s royal families.

When Cosimo de Medici was powerful enough to take control of Florence in 1434, he used his wealth to buy support even though Florence was a republic. He had his enemies exiled from Florence. Under his leadership, Florence attacked city-state Siena and made alliances with city-states such as Milan. The Medici made many enemies and eventually important family members were exiled from Florence.

The Medici family supported great artists such as Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Leonardo da Vinci.

39
Q

What were the new business practices in the later Renaissance in terms of how money was handled?

A

Partnerships and joint stock company
Banks
Bills of exchange
Insurance

40
Q

How did the Partnerships and Joint stock Company work?

A

Used to raise money using partner ships, by investing with more than one person

41
Q

How did banks work?

A

Provided money lending services as well as issuing bills of exchange

42
Q

Usury

A

The process of charging interest when loaning money

This played an important part when creating wealth

During the Middle Ages, the church considered usury sinful but since international trade grew, the church realized that allowing usury would help encourage investment in international trade since to trade internationally large investments of money would be tied up for many years. So if the loan involved a certain amount of risk, then the church would allow usury to help take away the fear of losing all that money. For example, for financing trading voyages where there was danger of shipwreck or robbery by pirates.

43
Q

How did Bills Of Exchange work?

A

You could deposit gold then travel and pick it up at another bank for easier and safer trading. Basically like a modern-day checking account.

44
Q

How did insurance work?

A

Paid a small fee to ensure your goods during travel. If the goods were damaged or lost, the insurance company pays replacement costs.

45
Q

What was a result of new business practices?

A

Easier ways to start a business, safer ways to travel

46
Q

What happened economically as a result of the Black Death?

A
  • the economy went into a depression
  • merchants and bankers continued to grow wealthier through trade and commerce
  • the depression is said to cause the growth of culture and art in Italy because wealthy people spent money on the arts because there were few good business opportunities around
  • People moved into towns since the wealthy contributed to the beautification of cities. Feelings of loyalty and pride grew when the cities were beautified.
47
Q

What was the result of the rise of towns?

A

They disregarded feudalism and trade became more widespread

1. Social 8 (20 decks)

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