A&P2 Flashcards
Which of the following is a primary sex organ?
Ovary
Which of the following is a secondary sex organ?
Vagina
When cold, the surface area of the scrotum is reduced to conserve heat. The _______ muscle is responsible for this apparent “shrinkage”.
dartos
What is the site of spermatogenesis?
seminiferous tubules
The foreskin enclosing the most distal region of the penis, and which is often removed at birth, is the:
glans penis
Relaxin in semen does what?
Enhances sperm motility
What is the human haploid number?
23
Gonatropin-releasing hormone is produced in and secreted from the:
hypothalamus
Which layer of the ovary is where gametes are formed?
cortex
Which ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?
ovarian ligament
Which oogenetic cells divide by mitosis?
oogonia
What is the developmental stage of the developing gamete within a secondary follicle?
primary oocyte
Progesterone and estrogen levels are not adequate to support a pregnancy within the uterus. This could be due to a failure of which reproductive structure?
corpus luteum
Which uterine layer receives and nourishes a developing embryo?
endometrium
Which uterine layer expels the full-term fetus from the reproductive tract?
myometrium
The labia majora are homologous to the _______ in males.
scrotum
What is the reproductive gland in males that is homologous to the greater vestibular gland in males?
bulbourethral gland
The clitoris in females is homologous to which structure in males?
glans penis
What is the hormone that stimulates the thecal cells to secrete androgen?
LH
During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, rising levels of _____ increase vascularization of the endometrium and prepare it for implantation and pregnancy.
progesterone
Which uterine phase is characterized by lowest levels of estrogen and progesterone, during which the majority of the endometrium is shed and passed out of the body?
menstrual phase
During the follicular phase, granulosa cells are stimulated by rising levels of _____ and cause follicular ______ in response.
FSH, growth
In this figure, what is indicated by A?
ovulation
In this figure, what stage is the gamete in at A?
meosis II
Mammary glands are evolved from _______.
sweat glands
What do myoepithelial cells regulate in mammary glands?
milk letdown
GnRH directly stimulates the release of:
FSH
Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of ______ once epiphyseal plates are closed.
GH
After childbirth, skin-to-skin contact and suckling drive a positive feedback that causes the release of _______. This hormone aids in maternal bonding, pair bonding, and causes milk let down.
oxytocin
Most hormonal contraceptives maintain estrogen and ______ at intermediate levels to trick the HPG axis, thus preventing ovulation.
progesterone
Which of the following embryonic structures will only develop into male reproductive ducts?
Wolffian ducts
Which of the following hormones form a hormone-receptor complex to affect the target cell?
testosterone
Which of the following hormones utilizes a secondary messenger to affect the target cell?
oxytocin
What will happen to a hormone’s response if the hormone concentration remains the same, the binding affinity remains the same, but the receptors are up-regulated?
increased response
Blood calcium is decreased, causing a change in parathyroid hormone secretion. What type of stimulus caused this change in hormone secretion?
humoral
Which component of the pituitary is mainly composed of neural tissue?
posterior
The hypophyseal portal system conveys hormones from the hypothalamus to the ________.
anterior pituitary
What is the connecting stalk between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
Which thyroid hormone is the most potent form that affects metabolic rate?
T3
Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease that produces antibodies that mimic:
TSH
The corpus spongiosum is the most abundant erectile tissue and it is generally responsible for maintaining an erection.
False
During meiosis, crossing over occurs at synapses. This process is unique to sexual reproduction and involves the swapping of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
True
The seminal vesicles secrete a slightly acidic fluid that activates the sperm and is ~ 20-30% of semen volume.
True
An erection is a parasympathetic response to arousal.
True
Pelvic inflammatory disease can be caused by sexually-transmitted infections.
True
Ecotopic pregnancies occur when an embryo successfully implants in the endometrium.
False
Troponin is a type of hormone that causes a subsequent hormone release.
False
The presence of an SRY gene causes an embryo to develop into a female.
False
Exocrine glands contain ducts and secrete many different components, such as saliva and digestive enzymes.
True
Lipid-soluble hormones have their effect by directly changing gene transcription.
True
