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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P Topic 2: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

A&P Topic 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter and what are the 3 states of matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass
3 states
Solid - Bone and organs
Liquid - Blood
Gas - O2 and CO2

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that can’t be broken down or created, 92 fundamental substances

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

smallest quantity of an element (made of protons, neutrons, electrons)

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4
Q

What is atomic number?

A

amount of protons in an atom

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5
Q

What is a mass number?

A

amount of protons and neutrons, determines the atomic mass

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6
Q

What is a proton?

A

subatomic particle with a positive charge, found in nucleus

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7
Q

What is a neutron?

A

subatomic particle with no charge, found in nucleus

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8
Q

What is an electron?

A

subatomic particle with negative charge, found outside of nucleus

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9
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms bonded together

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical bond of 2 or more different elements

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11
Q

What is a bond?

A

A weak or strong electrical attraction

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative electrical charge

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13
Q

What is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion, fewer electrons

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14
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged ion, more electrons

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15
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A different form of an element due to different number of neutrons (unstable=heavy=radioactive)

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16
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

The range that an electron must move within, atoms in the body may have up to 5 shells (2,8,8,8,8,8)

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17
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost electron shell, if it is full, then it is more stable (helium), share electrons if not full (hydrogen & oxygen)

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18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

molecule sharing electrons, non-polar bond of CO2, double bonds

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19
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weakly positive hydrogen atom bonded with an electronegative atom is then attracted to a 2nd electronegative atoms

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20
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Cation and anions are attracted to each other NaCl- (exchange= does not share)

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21
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Has a carbon atom (all you need to know)

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22
Q

What is salt?

A

A compound that gives ions other than hydrogen and hydroxide

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23
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A salt that ionizes water (NaCl)

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24
Q

What is an acid?

A

Releases hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

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25
Q

What is a base?

A

Releases a hydroxyl group (OH-) in a solution or accepts a hydrogen ion

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26
Q

On what scale does a pH scale work?

A

Power of hydrogen=Power of 10

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27
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

Converts strong acid or bases to weak ones

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28
Q

How is pH controlled?

A

chemical buffers (HCO3, phosphate, and protein)

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29
Q

What examples of physiological buffers?

A

respiration and urination

30
Q

What is the neutral pH of intercellular fluid (ICF)?

A

neutral pH of 7

31
Q

What is the neutral pH of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

neutral pH is 7.35-7.45

32
Q

What is acidosis?

A

when pH falls below neutral

33
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

pH rises above neutral

34
Q

What is the percent water in an adult vs infant?

A

Adult - 50-70%
Infant - 75%

35
Q

What is lubrication?

A

watery fluid b/w visceral and parietal layers of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

36
Q

What is surface tension?

A

H2O attracts H2O (cohesion)

37
Q

What are concentrations measured in?

A

Moles

38
Q

What is a colloid?

A

a heavy solution, opaque, milk & cream

39
Q

What is suspension?

A

a mixture that will settle eventually

40
Q

What is a solute?

A

a substance to be dissolved in another

41
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The substance a solute dissolves in

42
Q

What is a solution?

A

solute + solvent (glucose in blood)

43
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

44
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Monomers are released by addition of H2O, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

45
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A repeating subunit of polymer (simple sugar, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides)

46
Q

What is a polymer?

A

many linked monomers (carbs, protein, phospholipids, DNA/RNA)

47
Q

What is the main function of these macronutrients?

A

Sustain life and fuel our cellular processes

48
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

one monomer (Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose)

49
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monomers formed by dehydration synthesis (Ex: sucrose, lactose, and maltose)

50
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

long chains of monomers (Ex: Starches, glycogen, and cellulose)

51
Q

What is ATP and how is it made?

A

It is the energy currency of the cell
It is made when a phosphate breaks off and the stored energy is released (constantly being made)

52
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A non-polar hydrocarbon, hydrophobic

53
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

It is carbons that are full of hydrogen, solid or semisolid at room temperature

54
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

It is a one double carbon bond and liquid

55
Q

What is a trans fatty acid?

A

It is an unsaturated fatty acid chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenated fats (not used anymore)

56
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

It is a glycerol with 2 fatty acid chain and a phosphate. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic and helps disperse fats in liquids (emulsification)

57
Q

What are steroids?

A

A set of 4 hydrocarbon rings, cholesterol helps to emulsify dietary facts, building block for hormones

58
Q

What is prostaglandin?

A

It is a signaling molecule from unsaturated fatty acid, pain sensitivity in nerves, regulate BP and inflammation

59
Q

What is a protein and what is its function?

A

An amino acid linked by peptide bonds, all contain nitrogen and may contain sulfur. Function as a buffer, regulate fluid - electrolyte balance

60
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

An amino acid group (+), and a carboxyl group (-), 20 total, 9 essential

61
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond b/w amino acid formed by dehydration synthesis.

62
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A strand of fewer that 100 amino acids

63
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

64
Q

What is a description of a primary structure amino acid?

A

peptide bond b/w amino acids (chain)

65
Q

What is a description of a secondary structure amino acid?

A

hydrogen bond b/w amino acids, creates an alpha helix (spiral) or a beta pleated (sheet)

66
Q

What is a description of a tertiary structure amino acid?

A

3D due to added hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds

67
Q

What is a description of a quaternary structure amino acid?

A

Hydrogen bonds of several polypeptide chains, 4 polypeptide arrangement (hemoglobin)

68
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Change in a protein’s molecular structure due to heat or chemicals, they lose 3D shape, sometimes reversible

69
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

assembled into DNA, RNA, or ATP. They have a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen containing base

70
Q

What is Purine?

A

Nitrogen containing molecule with a double ring structure (Adenine, Guanine)

71
Q

What is pyrimidine?

A

It is a single ring structure (thymine, cytosine, and uracil)

72
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

addition of a phosphate group

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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