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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P Topic 2: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

A&P Topic 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter and what are the 3 states of matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass
3 states
Solid - Bone and organs
Liquid - Blood
Gas - O2 and CO2

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that can’t be broken down or created, 92 fundamental substances

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

smallest quantity of an element (made of protons, neutrons, electrons)

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4
Q

What is atomic number?

A

amount of protons in an atom

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5
Q

What is a mass number?

A

amount of protons and neutrons, determines the atomic mass

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6
Q

What is a proton?

A

subatomic particle with a positive charge, found in nucleus

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7
Q

What is a neutron?

A

subatomic particle with no charge, found in nucleus

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8
Q

What is an electron?

A

subatomic particle with negative charge, found outside of nucleus

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9
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms bonded together

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical bond of 2 or more different elements

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11
Q

What is a bond?

A

A weak or strong electrical attraction

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative electrical charge

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13
Q

What is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion, fewer electrons

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14
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged ion, more electrons

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15
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A different form of an element due to different number of neutrons (unstable=heavy=radioactive)

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16
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

The range that an electron must move within, atoms in the body may have up to 5 shells (2,8,8,8,8,8)

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17
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost electron shell, if it is full, then it is more stable (helium), share electrons if not full (hydrogen & oxygen)

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18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

molecule sharing electrons, non-polar bond of CO2, double bonds

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19
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weakly positive hydrogen atom bonded with an electronegative atom is then attracted to a 2nd electronegative atoms

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20
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Cation and anions are attracted to each other NaCl- (exchange= does not share)

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21
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Has a carbon atom (all you need to know)

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22
Q

What is salt?

A

A compound that gives ions other than hydrogen and hydroxide

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23
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A salt that ionizes water (NaCl)

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24
Q

What is an acid?

A

Releases hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

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25
What is a base?
Releases a hydroxyl group (OH-) in a solution or accepts a hydrogen ion
26
On what scale does a pH scale work?
Power of hydrogen=Power of 10
27
What does a buffer do?
Converts strong acid or bases to weak ones
28
How is pH controlled?
chemical buffers (HCO3, phosphate, and protein)
29
What examples of physiological buffers?
respiration and urination
30
What is the neutral pH of intercellular fluid (ICF)?
neutral pH of 7
31
What is the neutral pH of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
neutral pH is 7.35-7.45
32
What is acidosis?
when pH falls below neutral
33
What is Alkalosis?
pH rises above neutral
34
What is the percent water in an adult vs infant?
Adult - 50-70% Infant - 75%
35
What is lubrication?
watery fluid b/w visceral and parietal layers of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum
36
What is surface tension?
H2O attracts H2O (cohesion)
37
What are concentrations measured in?
Moles
38
What is a colloid?
a heavy solution, opaque, milk & cream
39
What is suspension?
a mixture that will settle eventually
40
What is a solute?
a substance to be dissolved in another
41
What is a solvent?
The substance a solute dissolves in
42
What is a solution?
solute + solvent (glucose in blood)
43
What is dehydration synthesis?
Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
44
What is hydrolysis?
Monomers are released by addition of H2O, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
45
What is a monomer?
A repeating subunit of polymer (simple sugar, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides)
46
What is a polymer?
many linked monomers (carbs, protein, phospholipids, DNA/RNA)
47
What is the main function of these macronutrients?
Sustain life and fuel our cellular processes
48
What is a monosaccharide?
one monomer (Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose)
49
What is a disaccharide?
2 monomers formed by dehydration synthesis (Ex: sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
50
What is a polysaccharide?
long chains of monomers (Ex: Starches, glycogen, and cellulose)
51
What is ATP and how is it made?
It is the energy currency of the cell It is made when a phosphate breaks off and the stored energy is released (constantly being made)
52
What is a lipid?
A non-polar hydrocarbon, hydrophobic
53
What is a saturated fat?
It is carbons that are full of hydrogen, solid or semisolid at room temperature
54
What is an unsaturated fat?
It is a one double carbon bond and liquid
55
What is a trans fatty acid?
It is an unsaturated fatty acid chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenated fats (not used anymore)
56
What are phospholipids?
It is a glycerol with 2 fatty acid chain and a phosphate. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic and helps disperse fats in liquids (emulsification)
57
What are steroids?
A set of 4 hydrocarbon rings, cholesterol helps to emulsify dietary facts, building block for hormones
58
What is prostaglandin?
It is a signaling molecule from unsaturated fatty acid, pain sensitivity in nerves, regulate BP and inflammation
59
What is a protein and what is its function?
An amino acid linked by peptide bonds, all contain nitrogen and may contain sulfur. Function as a buffer, regulate fluid - electrolyte balance
60
What is the structure of an amino acid?
An amino acid group (+), and a carboxyl group (-), 20 total, 9 essential
61
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond b/w amino acid formed by dehydration synthesis.
62
What is a polypeptide?
A strand of fewer that 100 amino acids
63
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
64
What is a description of a primary structure amino acid?
peptide bond b/w amino acids (chain)
65
What is a description of a secondary structure amino acid?
hydrogen bond b/w amino acids, creates an alpha helix (spiral) or a beta pleated (sheet)
66
What is a description of a tertiary structure amino acid?
3D due to added hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds
67
What is a description of a quaternary structure amino acid?
Hydrogen bonds of several polypeptide chains, 4 polypeptide arrangement (hemoglobin)
68
What is denaturation?
Change in a protein's molecular structure due to heat or chemicals, they lose 3D shape, sometimes reversible
69
What are nucleotides?
assembled into DNA, RNA, or ATP. They have a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen containing base
70
What is Purine?
Nitrogen containing molecule with a double ring structure (Adenine, Guanine)
71
What is pyrimidine?
It is a single ring structure (thymine, cytosine, and uracil)
72
What is phosphorylation?
addition of a phosphate group

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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