A&P Test #3 NEW Flashcards
What hormones/molecules are made and released from the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?
-FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
-LH (Luteinizing hormone)
-ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
-TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
-Prolactin (functions to produce milk)
-Endorphins
-GH (growth hormone)
FLAT PEG
If you are an Olympian Sprinter, you would hope that genetically you had inherited a disproportionate number of what type of skeletal muscle fibers?
Type 2B
When one works out, his or her blood CO2 levels go ______, blood pH goes ____ and the _____ of the brain assess the current blood pH and one would start to breathe faster
Up; down; Medulla oblongata
The primary reason why the action potential of smooth muscle cell “rolls” instead of “spikes” during the deep polarization is smooth muscle has (an) ________
Fewer fast Voltage Gated NA+ channels
The micro anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell shows that the presence of ________ allows an action potential to travel “deep” into the middle of that cell and eventually that ATP opens a _______ channel, thus facilitating the beginning of a cross bridge being formed post binding of Ca++ troponin
T-tubules; Voltage gated Ca++
Which medical condition is characterized Rheumatoid arthritis
long-term autoimmune disorder that affects joints
o Typically in wrist and hands
Names for one skeletal muscle cell?
Myofiber; myocyte
Hormones that elevate blood sugar are:
-Glucagen
-GH
-Epinephrine
-Cortisol
-Adrenaline
When one analyzes the formula: Delta G = Delta H -T(Delta S), AND considers ATP hydrolysis in terms of thermodynamics, ATP hydrolysis is a ______ Delta H reaction and a ______ Delta S reaction
Negative; positive
If one is legally, consuming C2H50H (alcohol) that has caffeine in it, we would expect his or her ADH (vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone) levels to be ______, urine volume to be _____ and the color of the urine to be ______
Low; high; clear
Drugs that are nicotenic, ACH receptors antagonist and that upregulate the neurotransmitter GABA are more than likely ______.
Muscle relaxants
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in your brain
If growth hormone or GH is elevated due to a pituitary gland edema, this is probably in medical condition known as ______.
Acromegaly
Which muscle or muscle types have actin and myosin?
Skeletal; Cardiac; Smooth
A graph is shown of a line increasing but still below the Threshold, what channel or gate is being opened at this time?
Na+ leak channel
(E.P.S.P)
Gout is a medical condition whereby there is a buildup of ______ that is insufficiently filtered by the ______.
Uric acid; kidney
When a neuron elicits an action potential, a _______ channel opens when the AP “hits” it. The vesicles of neurotransmitter will de-dock, bind, fuse and exocytosis their contents into the synapse. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to a _____ which should facilitate either an IPSP or an EPSP.
VG Ca++; ligand-gated receptor/channel
Where on an AP graph is the minimum created depolarization to open the voltage game potassium channels?
Very top of AP hill where depolarization ends and repolarization begins (K+ channel opens)
Where on an AP graph does hyperpolarization start to occur?
Once the K+ gate is fully closed and after depolarization has occurred (lowest part on the graph)
Where on an AP graph is the membranes permeability to sodium ions at its maximum?
At the highest peak on the AP graph right after the depolarization occurs
Where have we seen/studied a VG Ca++ channel that can open and allow Ca++ to diffuse down its concentration gradient passively?
-End of a neuron( close to pre-synaptic membrane)
-sarcoplasmic reticulum
-the SA Node of the cardiac “pacemaker”
Insulin is produced by ______ cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Insulin binds to a Tyrosine kinase receptor and upregulates a protein called ______ which ultimately ______ blood sugar.
-Beta
-GLUT4
-lowers
Hormones that we have studied this semester that promote erythropoesis (produces red blood cells) or hematopoesis (formation of blood cellular components) is/are:
-EPO
-IGF1
What hormones/molecules are made and released from the POSTERIOR pituitary?
Flat peg endorphins?
-ADH (or vasopressin)
-Oxytocin
When lactate is shuttled, _______ are involved and the _____ will lactate back to pyruvate where the pyruvate can go through Krebs, gluconeogenesis, or the pyruvate can be put back into the bloodstream.
MCT proteins; liver
transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in various metabolic pathways by facilitating the transport of L-lactate and pyruvate across the cell membrane
When one sees “ATPase”, she, or he should think that ATP hydrolysis will be coupled to another reaction and ultimately, ATP hydrolysis will turn a ____ reaction into a _____ reaction which means it _____ happen if ATP hydrolysis takes place.
Positive delta G; negative delta G; can
Pre-capillary sphincters or bands of ____ muscle that are under _____ control; ergo, the primary neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the PCS is ______.
Smooth; adrenergonic; norepinephrine
Adrenergic means “working on adrenaline or noradrenaline”
If acetylcholinesterase is completely inhibited (irreversibly), the amount of acetylcholine at skeletal muscle synopsis would go _____ and skeletal muscle will stay _____.
Up; contracted
Acetylcholinesterase: Its primary job is to break down acetylcholine, a major neurotransmitter, into acetic acid and choline
The vagus nerve (CN X), secretes the neurotransmitter ______ which binds to a _____ receptor which ultimately _____ heart rate.
Acetylcholine; muscarinic; lowers
–>Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells
Muscarinic: IPSP (inhibitor and slows depolarization)
OVERALL it decreases heart rate by releasing Acetylcholine
A steroid hormone is _____ and as such will bind to a(n) _____ receptor of the cell and ultimately effect ______.
Hydrophobic; intracytoplasmic; transcription of a gene or genes
Creatine under the influence of ____ can add a PO4 on to _____ to regenerate _____. More over, as an ancillary benefit when one supplements, his or her creatine, _____ follows the creatine into the muscle cell via osmosis leading to a bloated muscle cell
THE FIRST ENERGY SOURCE USED IS CREATINE
Creatine kinase; ADP; ATP; water
Muscle soreness that occurs typically 24-48 hours after lifting heavyweights, we expect to experience the feeling associated with ______ of our actin and myosin. Post lifting, we would expect inflammation to that tissue to be _____ and, potentially based on genetics, _____ satellite stern cell recruitment to which helps to build the muscle back larger than it was before lifting.
Microtears: elevate; elevate
When myosin “heads” initially attach to actin (sans movement), this is commonly referred to as ______ formation.
Cross bridge
The primary reason why hormones are stronger or illicit a stronger physiological effect than neurotransmitters is that ______.
Hormones outnumbered neurotransmitters at the receptor
What two voltage get to channels make repolarization occur?
-VG K+ channel
-VG Ca++ channel
What is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber??
1) an action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane
2) transverse tubulus depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex
4) tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross bridge binding sites
5) the thin filaments are attached across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
What are functions of the skeletal muscle?
-Movement
-Posture
-Joint stability
-Source of nutrition
Thermogenesis???
Which of the following shorten during microscopic analysis of skeletal muscle contraction?
-H-zone
-I-band
-Sarcomere
Actin and Myosin DO NOT SHORTEN
IGF1 is made and released by the liver in response to GH. IGF1 has developmental effects on which of the following tissues and/or molecules?
-cartilage
-muscle
-bone
-skin
-liver
-kidney
-lung
-DNA biosynthesis (production)
-Hematopoesis
Insulin-like growth factor:
promote normal growth of bones and tissues
You are the attending physician in an emergency room. A 67-year-old patient presents with a bone fracture of the humerus. The fracture is perfectly parallel to the medullary cavity, has resulted in multiple bone fragments and has penetrated the skin. What kind of bone fracture is this?
-Linear
-Comminuted
-Compound
If there is an issue with step three of the muscle contract cycle, and the organism is living, this would commonly be referred to as a ______
Cramp
Equation for Cardiac Output?
Cardiac Output=
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Change in Pressure equation?
Change in pressure=
Q (flow) x R (resistance)
Baroreceptors are found where and what do they do?
Found in the Aortic Arch and the Carotid sinus. Pressure is detected and transmitted to the brain (Medulla Oblongata) in order to change blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate
Vasoconstriction leads to _____ resistance?
Vasodilation leads to ____ resistance?
More
Less
What happens if you stand up too fast?
-become very light headed
-“head rush”
-Intracranial blood pressure goes DOWN which leads to heart rate going UP in response
-Faint
What happens if you stand for long periods of time, especially if you lock your knees?
By locking our knees, we do not flex our leg muscles which leads to less pressure (harder to move blood throughout body), our brain then gets a inadequate flow of blood to the brain bc there is not a high enough BP to move the blood to the brain
This is why you will feel light headed after locking your knees for long periods of time.
What are the 6 2nd Messengers??
1) CAMP (Ex: CAMP-dep-Kinases, add PO4 to enzymes to turn them “on” and “off”
2) CGMP
3) IP3
4) DAG
5) NO
6) Ca++
What does epidemics mean in this classes context?
= changes expression of genes without changing DNA
Regulate transcription—> Epigenetics—> Gene “on”
Gene “off”
Inflammatory Pathways
1) “HATS” = Histone Acetyl Transferase
-add acetyl groups to histones
(Promotes inflammatory pathways)
2) “HDAC” = Histone Deacetylase
-Get RID of acetyl groups to histones
(Inhibits inflammatory pathways)
Inflammatory Pathways
1) “HATS” = Histone Acetyl Transferase
-add acetyl groups to histones
(Promotes inflammatory pathways)
2) “HDAC” = Histone Deacetylase
-Get RID of acetyl groups to histones
(Inhibits inflammatory pathways)
What are the effects of Cortico Steroids “Cortisone shot” and when are they used
-decrease inflammation
-decrease pressure
-decrease pain
Allow players to play through an injury and are very controversial
What inflammatory pathway do Cortisol shots inhibit?
“HATS” = Histone acetyl transferase
-this stops inflammation from occurring by inhibiting the pathway
Characteristics of a Pre-Capillary Sphincter
-Circular band of muscle
-Smooth
-Skeletal muscle
-very thin/clear
-controls amount of blood flow into capillaries
What happens hemodynamically when we get scared???
“Fight or Flight”
-veins connected to the skeletal muscle and brain vasodilate allowing for more blood flow to these extremities
-veins connected to the Reproductive organs and GI tract vasoconstrict making it harder for blood to flow to them
What is a 2nd message?
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers
Why does an electrostatic gradient form in a resting membrane potential in cells?
There is more positive ions (Na+) leaving the cell than negative ions entering (K+) through Na+/K+ ATPase pumps (Active transport)
What are the three ways ions go in and out of the cell?
1) Na+/K+ ATPase Pump (Active transport)
2) Na+/K+ diffuse through the cells wall (Passive Transport/ Diffusion)
3) Slow “leak” K+ channel of potassium leaving the cell
Action potentials start at a value called the ______.
Threshold
T/F?
Sending bigger Action Potentials works more efficiently?
FALSE:
Size has nothing to do with it!!!
We send MORE A.P. not a bigger one
When does an Action Potential officially end?
When we get back to the Resting Membrane Potential
Action Potential Def?
A “wave” of depolarization along/down a cell membrane
An Action Potential graph appears the same as a _______ graph but the numbers are different.
Neuron
When does the Action Potential officially start?
When the line/graph meets the Threshold mvolts
When do the Na+ gates open in an Action Potential?
When the A.P starts and depolarization is occurring (making it more positive)
When do K+ gates open and Na+ gates close?
At the tallest peak of the A.P. graph when Repolarization starts to occur (cell starts becoming more negative)
