A&P Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Ilium
hip bone
Ileum
intestine
What does stress for long periods of time do?
Elevates cortisol levels
What is our largest organ in the body?
Skin
Why do people get sick more often in colder weather?
-Our skin begins to crack allowing viruses to infect us more easily
-We are closer together in the cold allowing for more spreading of these viruses
-stressed out people get sick more easily
Hypoglycemia
Low Blood sugar
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
What lowers high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)?
Insulin
Over the short term, is hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia worse?
Hypoglycemia
-Brain needs constant supply of Glucose (sugar) and without it it cannot unction
Over the long term, is hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia worse?
Hyperglycemia
-Can lead to diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, eye disease and kidney damage
What does cortisol do?
It helps us in short periods of time to elevate blood sugar
What are the FOUR hormones that elevate blood sugar? (combat hypoglycemia)
1) Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
2) Growth Hormone (GH)
3) Cortisol (the stress hormone)
4) Glucagon for alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
What are the 5 physiologically related ions?
-Potassium (K)
-Chloride (Cl)
-Magnesium (Mg)
-Sodium (Na)
-Calcium (Ca)
Physiology def?
scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things
Definition of Life?
How does this relate to hemodynamics?
-Living things respond to stimuli
-Effective blood flow and pressure regulation are essential for sustaining life and ensuring that all physiological processes operate correctly.
The Four tissue types?
1) Epithelial
2) Muscle
3) Connective
4) Nervous
Secretion vs Excretion?
-Secretion is not a waste but still excreting something (positive)
-Excretion is the disposal and rid of a waste
What is the defense of the epidermis?
The top two layers of the skin are already dead (not living)
Red marrow cavities vs yellow marrow cavities
Red= active and red blood cells present
Yellow= fat stored here and no red blood cells present
If you get scared, what does your blood flow do?
-Blood flow goes DOWN away from your heart and into your limbs (brain and skeletal structures)
Cognition
Think and gage a situation
How have arteries adapted?
They have moved deeper into the body to reduce risk of damage, blood loss, and death
How does CO2 and pH relate in the respiratory system
Inversely proportional, one goes up the other goes down
Ex: More running–> Higher CO2 production—> Lower pH
What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate? (the bottom part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the brainstem)
Regulates
-Heart Rate
-Blood Pressure
-Respiration Rate
Why are male reproductive organs located outside the body?
They work better at lower temperatures compared to the regular 98.6 F
What does the hypothalamus do?
helps manage your body temperature responding to stimuli and making adjustments to keep it around 98.6 degrees F
How does GLP1 work?
GLP-1 are used to manage type 2 diabetes and obesity. They mimic the effects of natural GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion, lowering glucagon levels, and reducing appetite.
Negative Feedback Loop?
normal biological response to help maintain homeostasis by returning to a set point
Ex: Hypothalamus regulates body temp and keeps it around 98.6 F
Positive Feedback Loop?
Leads away from homeostasis and makes the deviation greater
Technical term: Parturition
Ex: Child birth, lactation, blood clotting
What is the only voluntary movement?
Skeletal muscle
How does the aspect of having a true coelom enhance the structure of the body?
development of body cavities, compartments, organ development and arrangement, and canals
Why is it important organs secrete serous fluid?
Creates a more slippery surface, leading to less friction between tissues, and long term health preventing tissue from being damaged over the long term
What happens if the lungs are exposed to the outside atmospheric pressure?
atmospheric pressure is much greater than the inside of the body pressure, a ruptured and collapsed lung would occur
Pleura
lung
What do baroreceptors do?
maintain blood pressure within a normal range detecting pressure changes and sending signals to the central nervous system
-endocrine
-exocrine
-no open contact with exterior; no ducts; have an extensive network of blood vessels
-open contact maintained with exterior by way of ducts that open to the free surface
Ligaments
bone to bone connection and “sprain”
Tendons
Muscle to bone and “strain”
Non muscle reference to ACTIN means…
uncontrolled mitotic division (cancer), actin is allowing that cancer to move throughout the body (metastasis)
Why are epithelial cells thickness so thin?
A thin barrier allows for
-barrier protection (dead tissue)
-absorption
-secretion
-exchanges of gases and nutrients
-regeneration
parietal serous membrane
secretes a lubricating fluid, called serous fluid, to prevent internal organs from being rubbed raw. (outer membrane lining of the body cavity walls)
visceral serous membrane
to secrete a lubricating fluid, called serous fluid, to prevent internal organs from being rubbed raw. (the tissue that covers the internal organs of the body)
upright and bipedal
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
Surfactant
surface active substance
What did evolution enable tissues to do?
Allowed them to branch out and expand in order to increase their surface area (flat, folding, stretching)
Epi=
Thelial=
-upon
-ridge
How do lysosomes help with apoptosis?
Lysosomes normal pH is a 5, when the Cell wants to die, the lysosomal membrane degrades and all acidic hydrolases are released and break down the cell from the inside out
What did apoptosis in limb buds do?
Created digits
Blast
-build up
Clast
-cleave or destroy
What is the most ubiquitous/abundant protein made in the body?
Collagen
Most commonly broken bone?
Clavicle
When people get older, why does pinched skin go back into place slower
Elastin breaks down overtime and pinched skin goes back into place slower
What does less flow to a tissue do?
Tissue takes longer to heal
What are the three kinds of cartilage?
1) hyaline Cartilage
2) Elastic Cartilage
3) Fibrocartilage
What does ATPase help with?
It gives off energy and makes something that doesn’t want to happen happen (child birth)
Gap Junctions
a connector between cells and share cytoplasm, allow for intercellular communication
What does testosterone do?
Testosterone helps build muscle by generating proteins that help repair microtears
Glial Cells
Astrocytes are a subtype of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the human central nervous system
afferent
into something
efferent
away from something
Homeostasis
the ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment, despite external changes
Which tissue types have RMP’s (Resting Membrane Potential)
ALL FOUR HAVE RMP’S
RMP’s lead to diff in charge across the membrane
Ultrasound
Sound waves pass into body and bounce off internal organs back to the receiver; visualized as a sonogram
-way of determining gender of the kid
What does Lithotripsy do?
Use Ultrasound waves to
break the kidney stone into smaller
pieces, which can pass out with the urine
Function of the Lymphatic system?
Drain excess fluid from tissues (called lymph) back into the bloodstream
Popliteal location
Back of knee
Difference between a fat and a lipid?
Lipids are a broad group of biomolecules while fats are a specific type of lipid
The FOUR physically relevant organic molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
4 Excretory organs
kidney, liver, skin, and colon
What protects the kidney?
-Lower rib cage (floating ribs)
-Fat
-hip bone
Goblet Cells
Secrete mucous
-Endothelial?
-Epithelial?
-endothelium lines the vasculature and ensures tissue supply with nutrients and oxygen
-epithelium forms the barrier between tissues and the outer environment thus protecting organs from invading harmful agents
How many muscle types?
Which ones are Voluntary movement
3 (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
Skeletal muscle
Transitional Epithelium, where, significance?
a type of tissue that lines the urinary tract and is made up of multiple layers of cells that can change shape in response to stretching
Why are kidney stones so painful?
when a kidney stone gets stuck in your ureter and blocks urine formation and its backflow, this leads to a ton of pressure and lots of pain
Is kidney stone getting stuck in urethra or ureter worse?
Ureter is worse, small skinny tube and can block urine flow which creates tons of pressure
ECM
Extracellular matrix
Diff between a neuron and a nerve
Neuron is ONE cell
Nerve is THOUSANDS of neurons
Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and blood pressure in the body’s circulatory system
Angio
relates to blood vessels
Avascular and degree or speed of tissue repair?
meaning no blood vessels and takes much longer to heal
Apical and basolateral surfaces?
-Apical faces the lumen or open space
-Basolateral surface faces adjacent cells and the underlying connective tissue
Blood cells spun, what would separate where?
-Fluid on top
-Leukocytes (white blood cells middle)
-Hemocytes (Red blood cells on bottom)
Slowest cartilage to heal?
-Hyaline cartilage
Why does cell distance matter?
6-8 cells length is the max that cells can still diffuse oxygen to tissues.
Cells will begin to die
If cells were too far apart from tissue, what would happen?
-No oxygen
-No communication
-Cells will die
Elastic cartilage is found where?
The e’s
-External Ear
-Epiglottis
-Eustachian Tube
Three protein fibers in the matrix?
1) Collagen
2) Reticular Fibers
3) Elastic Fiber
Hyaluronic Acid is in what?
Skin creams, works well because it holds water which makes the face less wrinkly and therefore younger
Largest tendon in the body?
Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)
What gender usually contract more UTI’s and why?
Females attract more UTI’s generally because there ureter is shorter than males so it is easier to go all the way up through the urethra and then through the ureter (long tubes)
When you look at a human, what tissues are living?
Eyes and mouth only living tissue
Positive: Dead tissue acts as a defense
Integral Proteins?
-Channels
-Carriers
-Pumps
-Receptors
Is INTO the GI tract exocrine or endocrine
Exocrine because the GI tract is exposed to the outside environment
Carcinomas
Cancers of epithelial tissue
Difference between mammary glands and breast tissue.
The “mammary glands” specifically refer to the milk-producing glands found within the breast.
The “breast tissue glands” is a broader term refering to the component of glands that make up the tissue in the breast.
Types of Sweat Glands
1) Merocrine (Eccrine) glands?
2) Apocrine glands?
3) Holocrine glands?
-salivary glands (EVERYWHERE)
-Intact cells excrete secretions through exocytosis
-mammary glands, apocrine carcinomas
-AXILLARY (armpit) and pubic regions
-Membrane-bound vesicles bud off into the lumen)
-sebaceous glands of the skin (white pussy material)
(Oil Glands)
-Whole cell ruptures and releases secretions, destroying the cell
Sudoriferous glands do what?
Secrete sweat
Mast cells Degranulation
Mast cell degranulation releases histamine which is an anti-inflammatory process, then vasodilation occurs opening the blood vessels to let blood flow to the aggravated tissue (therefore making it red)
Benefits of keratin and found where?
Keratin forms our nails, hair, and outer layer of skin. Helps protect our skin on the outside by making it hard (epidermis)
THEY ARE DEAD
Periosteum vs Endosteum?
The periosteum forms the outer surface of bone and surround the compact bone, and the endosteum lines the medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Compact bone vs Spongy Bone
Compact bone tissue is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones. Spongy bone tissue is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of all bones
Desmosomes
spot welds (keeps cells together)
-essential for maintaining the mechanical stability and structural integrity of tissues
Gap junctions
clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells that leads to depolarization
Biopsy?
Where are they sent?
What are signs the biopsy might be cancerous?
-procedure that removes tissue or cells from the body to be examined for signs of disease
-Sent to labs for testing
Larger nucleus , many dividing cells, variation of size and shape of nuclei
Cystic Fibrosis
Massive accumulation of mucous due to a defective chloride ion channel (results in thick sticky mucus)
5 layers of epidermis
1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum lucidum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
4) Stratum basale
EGF (Epidermal growth factor)
A protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor
Ref: Skin Repair
Effects of aging on Tissues
-cells divide more slowly
-rate of blood cell synthesis declines
-injuries don’t heal as fast
-collagen fibers become more irregular in structure
-elastic fibers become less elastic
Osteoblasts
Chondroblasts
Fibroblasts
-bone forming
-Cartilage forming
-fibrous connective tissue forming
Cilia do what?
move mucus across the surface of cells
Ex: mucociliary escalator
What makes up cilia and what is their function?
Cilia is made up of microtubules and moves fluids or particles across the cell surface by beating them back and forth in a coordinated manner
5 layers of the epidermis?
1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum lucidum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
5) stratum basale
Where is Sebum located?
Come from sebaceous glands (oil glands) from the hair follicle.
-Holocrine Glands
