A&P Test 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The scientific investigation of human structure and form
Physiology
The scientific investigation of the function of living things
Hooke
discovered cells by looking at cork
Hippocrates (130 BC)
first to question that it wasn’t up to the gods or the stars, everything happens for a reason, began searching for answers.
Galen (130 AD)
Roman physician of the gladiators, began perfuming dissections on other animals and writing manuals about what he saw. no challengers until 1500
Vesalius (1500)
began doing dissection on humans, had to do them quickly because of no way to preserve body. Found that Galen’s manuals had some flaws because of difference between humans and monkeys. Some opposed vesalius and wanted to stick with Galen but he wrote manuals of his own and is known as the Father of Modern Anatomy
Homeostasis
the bodies ability to return to internal stability, coined by Walter Cannon.
Negative Feedback Loop
if body has over worked it becomes hot so stops working to cool down, then gets cold and works again to get hot. Body is constantly changing, e.g. heart rate. Speeds up when we run, slows down when we sleep but maintains its way around the average.
Positive Feedback Loop
body continues to change in the same direction. e.g. birth control, baby pushes on vagina and makes it contract due to hormone release, this pushes baby out some, which releases more hormones and pushes the baby out more.
3 factors of negative feedback loop
receptor - sense the change and signals it
integrator - control center
effector - takes directions from integrator and takes action to fix the problem.
hydroxyl
(OH) found in sugars and alcohols
methyl
(CH2) fats, oils, steroids, amino acids
carboxyl
(COOH) amino acids, sugars, proteins
Amino
(NH2) amino acids and proteins
Phosphate
(H2PO4)
Carbohydrates
CH2O is general formula, -sacchar is name, ends in -ose.
Polysaccharide is a long chain of glucose (monosaccharides) Cellulose and starch are two common carbs only difference is humans use starch because its easier to break down than cellulose (less bonds). Glucose is the most common, easiest for our bodies to use.
3 monosaccharides
glucose, galatose, fructose (we can’t use fructose so we break it down into glucose.
3 disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Conjugated Carbohydrate
essential to driving cellular function, glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans.
glycolipids
more lipid than glucose, used in forming the cell membrane
glycoproteins
more protein than glucose, forms the mucus that flows through our respiratory and digestive tracts and helps cleanse them
Proteoglycans
gelatinous tissues, lubricating joints, and cell adhesion
glycocalyx
carbs of the membrane like glycolipids and glycoproteins, function is to help the immune system recognize normal cells from diseased cells or foreign bodies or transplanted cells. It helps with cell adhesion, cushioning, protection
glycogen
carb used for storing energy, when we eat we take in glucose, too much glucose for us to use so we store it in glycogen. Glycogen is produced in the liver and then stored in the liver and muscle cells. If we run out of run to store glycogen we turn it into triglycerides and store it in fat cells.
6 types of lipids
fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eioconsanoids, lipid soluble vitamins
fatty acids
4-24 carbon and hydrogen molecules with a carboxyl end at one group and a methyl group at the other end. amount of carbon atoms determines function
saturated
has all of the hydrogen molecules that it can hold
unsaturated
has room for more hydrogen molecules, double bonded carbon somewhere in the chain
glycerides
fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. Triglycerides are most common type, glycerol gives an (OH) and fatty acid gives an (H), called dehydration bond. Form of energy storage and insulation (Fat cells)
phospholipids
fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate heads (hydrophilic), and attached to a function group. associated with the cell membrane
eicosanoids
chemical communicators of the cell.
leukotrienes
stimulate inflammation of the cells, results of allergies. Things get in that shouldn’t and the cells swell up. Allergy medicine stops the signal and cause the cell to reduce in swelling
prostaglandins
send chemical signal of pain to the brain. If you take meds the meds are stopping the signal, not addressing the problem.
steroids
cholesterols required for proper nervous system function. We make 85% of all of steroids, take in the other 15%, and reuse them, secreted and absorbed from small intestine.
proteins
polymers of amino acids (Monomers) with a carboxyl group at one end and an amino group at the other, also have a R group that determines function.
integrated proteins
proteins that reach through the entire membrane, help solutes flow through membrane.
peptides
2 or more amino acids grouped together by “peptide bond”. dipeptide = 2, tripeptide = 3, 15 or more = polypeptide, 100 more = protein.
protein structure
primary = chain of amino acids scondary = alpha helix or beta pleated tertiary = both alpha and beta, bonded through Rgroups. quaternary = two separate chains of polypeptides working together.
nonpolar
hydrophobic
polar
hydrophilic
