A&P - Skeletal System Flashcards
Which bones are associated with appendicular skeleton?
upper extremities + shoulder girdle
lower extremities + pelvic girdle
Which bones are associated with axial skeleton?
skull, thorax, vertebral column, hyoid bone
number of bones in axial skeleton
80 (74 forming upright axis + 6 tiny middle ear bones)
number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
Clavicle, is this part of appendicular or axial skeleton
appendicular
Hip bone, is this part of appendicular or axial skeleton
appendicular
sacrum, is this part of appendicular or axial skeleton
axial
Sphenoid, is this part of appendicular or axial skeleton
axial
Ethmoid, is this part of appendicular or axial skeleton
axial
If cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of what?
A chance of infectious material to pass through nasal cavity into the cranial fossa; also fractured nasal bone can push through cribriform plate and tear coverings of the brain or into the brain itself
What is a fontanel and its function.
- Soft spots in skull where ossification is incomplete at birth (which allows for some compression of skull during birth)
- allows for rapid brain growth during infancy without increased intracranial pressure
- 6 sit at angles to the parietal bone
What is the name we give to the upper part of the sternum?
manubrium
The skeletal framework of the neck, consists of which vertebrae?
cervical (C1-C7)
Number of thoracic vertebrae
12
All vertebrae except sacrum & coccyx have a central opening called what?
vertebral foramen
What is the layman’s name for clavicle?
Collarbone
Our human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of an animal because of which freely moving joint?
Thumb metacarpal (CMC joint - articulation between thumb metacarpal and trapezium carpal bone)
Which bones does the humerus articulate with?
Proximally: scapula (in glenoid cavity)
Distally: radius and ulna
The metacarpal bones form the framework of what?
the hand
Where would I find pisiform bone?
the wrist/upper part of hand (carpal bones) – closest to the little finger
During childbirth, baby passes through imaginary plane called what?
pelvic outlet
What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?
femur
A person with a fractured patella would feel discomfort where?
knee
Lordosis is….
abnormal accentuation of the lumbar curve
Scoliosis is….
abnormal side to side curvature
Kyphosis is….
abnormal increase in roundness in thoracic curvature
What are the clinical signs of a fracture?
- Limited ROM/function
- deformity/instability
- pain
- swelling
- bruising
- crepitus/abnormal sounds
What is the sequence of vertebral column from superior to inferior?
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum Coccyx
Going from proximal to distal, identify the bones of the upper extremity.
Scapula/clavicle, humerus, radius/ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges
The total # bones in the body
206
Which bone in the human body does not articulate with any other bone?
hyoid bone
How many pairs of true ribs do we have?
7
Which of the following is associated with the vertebral column?
a) vertebral foramen
b) dens
c) a spinal process
d) all of the above
all of the above
What is the name we give to the lower tip of the sternum?
xiphoid process
With which structure do floating ribs articulate?
vertebral column (thoracic vertebrae)
Which bone marking can be defined as a depression in a bone, and often receives an articulating bone?
fossa
Which bone marking can be defined as a large bump for the attachment of muscles?
epicondyle
Which bone marking can be defined as a round hole through which vessels and nerves can pass?
foramen
A fracture in the shaft of a bone is a break in what part?
diaphysis
The cells responsible for active bone erosion
osteoclasts
The cells responsible for bone formation
osteoblasts
What the functions of the skeletal system (5)?
1) Support - supporting framework of the body and contributes to shape, alignment and positioning of body parts
2) Protection - protecting delicate structures
3) Movement - bones + joints = levers (allows movement during muscle contractions)
4) Mineral storage - major calcium reservoir (also phosphorus and others)
5) Hematopoiesis - blood cell formation (in epiphyses of some long bones, sternum, ribs, flat bones of skulls, and pelvis)
Hematopoiesis: where does this process take place
red bone marrow
What is the major purpose of the epiphyseal plate?
Allows diaphysis of long bones to increase in length
What is the first step in healing a fracture?
hematoma formation (blood clot)
At approximately what age range will bone loss begin to exceed bone gain?
35-40
Mature stage of the human skeleton is reached at age ______. Skeleton is in a state of active maintenance during ages ______.
25; 25-50
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
In young children, a vitamin A deficiency will have what effect on epiphyseal plate?
Decrease in thickening of the epiphyseal plate in growing long bones in children - which inhibits bone growth
Sesamoid bones are classified as what? Long, short, flat, etc.?
small, round, sesame seed-like
What is another term for cancellous bone?
spongy bone/trabecular bone
Humerus, vertebral bone, and scapula. Describe each bone, what type (long, short, flat, etc.)
Humerus - long
Vertebral bone - irregular
Scapula - flat
Which type of bone is usually found in a tendon?
sesamoid
Endosteum can be found
a. lining the epiphysis
b. at articular surfaces
c. covering bones
d. lining the medullary cavity
d. lining the medullary cavity
In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the
a. osteoclasts
b. osteocytes
c. osteoblasts
d. chondrocytes
Osteoblasts
The osteon, or Haversian, system:
a. delivers nutrients to and removes waste products from bone cells
b. resists stress
c. erodes one
d. produces yellow marrow
a: delivers nutrients to and removes waste products form bone cells
All of the following are functions of bones except:
a. providing a set point for the control of blood pressure
b. storage of inorganic salts
c. production of red and white blood cells
d. protection for specific internal organs
a. providing a set point for the control of blood pressure
The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n):
a. irregular bone
b. long bone
c. short bone
d. flat bone
a - irregular bone
At what age are nearly all bones completely ossified:
a. 15 years
b. 25 years
c. birth
d. 5 years
25
The hard palate (roof of mouth) is composed of the:
a. maxillary and palatine bones
b. nasal conchae and vomer bones
c. zygomatic and lacrimal bones
d. sphenoid and ethmoid bones
a - maxillary and palatine bones
T he primary curves of the vertebral column are the:
a. lumbar and sacral curvatures
b. thoracic and sacral curvatures
c. cervical and lumbar curvatures
d. cervical and thoracic curvatures
b - thoracic and sacral
Describe long bones.
Cylindrical, longer than they are wide and larger ends
Describe short bones.
cube-/box-like that are as broad as they are long
Describe flat bones
Broad and thin with flattened & curved surface
Describe irregular bones
various shapes and sizes
Compact bone vs cancellous bone.
Compact: dense and solid appearance
Cancellous: open space with network of thin branched crossbeams (trabeculae)
Epiphyses are filled with what type of bone?
spongy bone
Where is the metaphysis?
The region between epiphyses and diaphysis (in mature bone) OR
at the epiphyseal plate (in growing bones)
Periosteum vs endosteum in terms of which parts of bone they cover.
periosteum - bone surfaces
endosteum - medullary cavity of long bones/spaces of spongy bone
The inner portion of a flat bone, made of cancellous bone, and is sandwiched between compact bone (internal and external table) is called what?
diploe
The primary regulator of calcium homeostasis is what? How does it maintain homeostasis?
parathyroid hormone
function: if decreased calcium levels, osteoclasts are stimulated to initiate increased bone matrix brekadown for more calcium is released back into the blood (and vice versa for elevated calcium levels)
Osteogenesis is what?
The combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts sculpting bone into their adult shape
Identify the number of cranial bones and which bones.
8 cranial bones
- frontal bone
- parietal bone (2)
- temporal bone (2)
- occiptal bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
Identify the number of facial bones and which bones.
14 facial bones
- zygomatic (2)
- nasal (2)
- maxillary (2)
- mandible
- vomer
- lacrimal (2)
- palatine (2)
- inferior nasal conchae (2)
Identify the number of ear bones and which bones.
6 ear bones
- malleus (hammer): 2
- Incus (anvil): 2
- stapes (stirrup): 2
How many bones in upper and lower extremities
upper - 64
lower - 62
What is the bone marking that described by having a rounded bump and usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint?
condyle
Meatus: what kind of bone marking is this?
Tubelike opening or channel
Notch: what kind of bone marking is this?
v-like depression in margin or edge of a flat area
The cranial bone that forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor, as well as contains middle and inner ear structures
temporal bone
The cranial bone that forms most of the roof of the orbits and anterior part of cranial floor
frontal bone
The cranial bone that forms the posterior part of the cranial floor and walls
occipital
Which cranial bone is the keystone of the cranial floor and looks like a bat with outstretched wings?
sphenoid
What does the vomer bone form in the cranium?
inferior and posterior parts of the nasal septum
The strongest bone on the face is which bone?
Mandible
The keystone in the architecture of the face is which bone?
maxilla
Causes of lordosis
- poor posture
- pregnancies
- trauma/disease
Kyphosis is commonly seen in which conditions?
- osteoporosis
- chronic arthritis
- neuromuscular diseases
- compression fractures
True or False: Cartilage is avascular
True
What are the three types of cartilage present in the body?
Hyaline (most abundant)
Fibrocartilage - stiff & contains many collagen fibers
Elastic cartilage
What is the composition of hyaline cartilage’s organic matrix?
ground substance & unique gel polysaccharide (both secreted by chondrocytes)
Costal cartilage, and cartilage rings in trachea, lung bronchi, and the tip of the nose are composed of what type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
Epiglottis, external ear, and Eustachian tubes are composed of what type of cartilage?
elastic cartilage
Cartilage that exists at the pubis symphysis and interveterbral disks are what type of cartilage?
fibrocartliage
What are the two ways of cartilage growth/
Interstitial growth - growining of cartilage within cartilage tissue (most offten seen in childhood/early adolescence)
Appositional growth - growing of cartilage by new matrix being depositied on the surface of already existing cartilage
Bone stores around _____% of body’s calcium reserves.
98
