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Voice Disorders > A & P of Respiratory System > Flashcards

A & P of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is most basic component of voice and speech production?

A

breath stream

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2
Q

What is respiratory system composed of?

A 
oral/nasal cavities
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs: bronchi
          bronchioles
           alveolar sacs
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3
Q

2 broad categories of muscles of respiration

A

muscles of inspiration

muscles of expiration

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4
Q

types of inspiration

A
  1. quiet inspiration (vegetative breathing): use diaphragm only
  2. forced inspiration: use intercostals and more
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5
Q

types of thorax expansion on inspiration

A
  1. vertical expansion: primarily thru diagphram

2. transverse expansion

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6
Q

diaphragm

A
  • primary muscle for inspiration
  • large, inverted bowl
  • attaches along lower margins of rib cage, sternum and vertebral column
  • completely separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • Central Tendon: when muscle contracts, pulls tendon down and forward
  • muscle fibers radiate from it to attach to sternum, ribs and vertebrae
  • xiphoid process is anterior most attachment
  • attaches to ribs 7-12 and costal cartilages
  • attaches to L1-4
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7
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

assist the diaphragm by elevating rib cage

  1. external intercostals
  2. neck: sternocleidomastoid & scalenes
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8
Q

external intercostals

A
  • perform some functions that are purely speech-related
  • 11 residing between the 12 ribs
  • originate on lower surface of rib and move down and inward to attach to upper surface of rib immediately below
  • translucent intercostal membrane separates them from internal intercostals
  • elevate rib cage, causing twisting of cartilaginous portion of ribs (active inspiration)
  • when force is relaxed, they return to original shape (passive expiration)
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9
Q

accessory muscles of neck

A

responsible for flexion and extension that can assist in forced inspiration

  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
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10
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
  • origin on mastoid process of temporal bone, runs down neck and inserts at sternum and clavicle
  • paired – right and left
  • seen when head turned to side
  • when contracted separately, head will rotate to that side
  • when contracted together, lift sternum and anterior rib cage
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11
Q

scalenes

A
  • provide head stability and facilitate rotation
  • assist in elevation of rib cage for inspiration
  • important for speech b/c provide neck stability and control
  • origin is cervical vertebrae and insertion is surface of first two ribs
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12
Q

muscles of forced expiration

A

-requires muscles acting indirectly on lungs to squeeze out air
-achieved by pulling down on rib cage or forcing diaphragm up
-normal expiration is merely passive response to relaxation of diaphragm
2 groups:
1. muscles of thorax, back and upper limb
2. abdominal muscles of expiration

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13
Q

anterior thoracic muscles

A
  1. internal intercostals (interosseous portion)
  2. transversus thoracis
  3. innermost intercostals
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14
Q

internal intercostals (interosseous portion)

A
  • significant contributors to forced expiration
  • originate on superior margin of each rib and run up and medially to insert into inferior surface of rib above
  • provide support and spacing of ribs along with external intercostals
  • function to pull rib cage down to decrease lung volume
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15
Q

innermost intercostals

A
  • deepest of intercostals
  • fibers run between inner surface of ribs
  • same origin and insertion as internal intercostals
  • attach with subcostal muscles
  • innervation via intercostal nerves
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16
Q

transversus thoracis

A

found on inner surface of rib cage

contraction would depress rib cage

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17
Q

abdominal aponeurosis

A

tendenous structure running from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
wraps around anterior portion of abdomen
linea alba runs in middle - muscles attach to it

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18
Q

anterolateral abdominal muscles

A

help expiration by compression of abdominal viscera

  1. transversus abdominus: reduce volume of abs
  2. internal oblique abdominus: rotate & flex
  3. external oblique abdominus: rotate & flex
  4. rectus abdominus: sit-up muscle
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19
Q

posterior abdominal muscles

A
  1. quadratus lumborum: bilateral contraction helps fixate abdominal wall to support expiration
20
Q

muscles of upper limb

A

latissimus dorsi: assists in stabilization of abdominal wall for expiration

21
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gas between and organism and its environment

22
Q

air pressure

A

force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air

23
Q

Pleural Linkage

A

allow thorax and lungs to act as integrated unit - vital to inhalation and exhalation
Visceral pleura covers lungs.
Parietal pleura lines thorax.
Pleural space in between contains pleural fluid, which has negative pressure. This pressure holds the pleurae in close proximity.

24
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As volume of chamber increases, pressure decreases (assuming gas of constant temp).
Inhalation: muscles cause chamber to expand and pressure to be negative, so air flows in.
Exhalation: muscles cause chamber to contract and pressure to be positive, so air flows out.

25
Q

negative pressure

A

decrease in air pressure that causes air to enter the chamber to equalize pressures

26
Q

positive pressure

A

increase in air pressure that causes air to leave the chamber to equalize pressures

27
Q

measurement of respiration

A

flow
volume
lung capacities
pressure

28
Q

respiratory cycle

A 
one inspiration and one expiration
normal for adults: 12-18 cycles per minute
newborns: 40-70 cycles/min
children: 20-25 cycles/min
(quiet breathing)
29
Q

quiet tidal respiration

A

amount of airflow in and out of lungs in one cycle of quiet breathing

30
Q

volume

A

estimate of amount of air a compartment can hold

31
Q

capacity

A

combination of volumes that express physiological limits

32
Q

types of volumes

A 
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume
Dead Air
33
Q

Dead Air

A

volume of air left in upper airway that cannot undergo gas exchange because there are no alveoli in these areas

adult average = 150 cc

34
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

volume of air we breathe during respiratory cycle
not static; varies with exertion, age, size
increases with exertion

35
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

volume that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration

amount of air in reserve beyond tidal inhale

36
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be breathed out following passive tidal expiration
measured from end of expiration

37
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

volume remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
cannot be exhaled no matter how you try
*keeps lungs from collapsing

38
Q

Capacities

A

-volumes combined to characterize physiologic needs

Vital Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Total Lung Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity

39
Q

Vital Capacity

A

capacity available for speech
total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation
VC=IRV + ERV + TV

40
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air remaining in body after passive exhalation

FRC = ERV + RV

41
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

IC = TV + IRV

42
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

volume of air involved in maximal respiratory cycle plus residual volume
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

43
Q

checking action

A

process of restraining airflow for speech
if problem, person limited to short bursts of speech
If we get down to resting lung volume and need to continue speaking, we use muscles of expiration to push beyond the resting volume.

44
Q

forces of passive exhalation

A
  1. gravity: pulls down viscera and ribs
  2. elasticity: spongy lung tissue returns to natural shape
  3. torque: inhalation twists ribs, so ribs want to untwist
45
Q

Life vs. Speech Breathing

A

See table 1.3 on p. 14

46
Q

nervous system control of respiration

A

-medulla in brainstem
-O2 and CO2 receptors
-In smooth muscles of tracheobronchi:
pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR)
rapidly adapting receptors (RARs)
-Breathing for speech adds:
primary motor and sensory cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and limbic system

Voice Disorders (5 decks)

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