Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 3: MSK > A+P Lecture 1 > Flashcards

A+P Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe axial skeleton

A
  • Long axis of the body
  • Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
  • surrounds our CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe long bones

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Limb bones
  • where we house a lot of our bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe appendicular skeleton

A
  • Bones of upper & lower limbs
  • Girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton
  • think appendices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of the Msk system

A
  • Support: for body & soft organs
  • Protection: brain, spinal cord & vital organs
  • Movement: levers for muscle action
  • Mineral & growth factor storage: Ca++ & phosphorus, & growth factors reservoir
  • Blood cell formation(bone marrow)
  • Hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
  • Triglyceride (fat) storage and use as an energy source
  • Hormone production
  • Osteocalcin secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, & metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe flat bones

A
  • Thin, flat, slightly curved
  • Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe short bones

A
  • Cube-shaped bones (inwrist & ankle)​
    Sesamoidbones formw/n tendons (ex:patella)​
  • Vary in size & # indifferent individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe irregular bones

A
  • Complicated shapes
  • Vertebrae & hip bones
  • think of spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe compact bone

A

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth & solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is the dispersal of bone marrow throughout bone important?

A

there’s no clear dispersal therefore bone marrow can be missed during biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is found in the trabeculae of bone?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with…

A

red or yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe structure of short, irregular & flat bones.

A
  • Consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploe) covered by compact bone
  • Compact bone sandwiched b/t CT membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does periosteum cover?

A

covers outside of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does endosteum cover?

A

covers inside portion of compact bone
or covers the trabeculae of spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

covers area of bone that is part of a movable joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What anchors directly to the periosteum?

A

tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe structure of typical long bone.

A

All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses) & membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define diaphysis.

A
  • tubular shaft
  • long axis of bone
  • consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled w/ yellow marrow in adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Epiphyses

A

ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally & spongy bone internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What sits b/t the diaphysis & epiphysis?

A

epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate (metaphysis) where bone growth occurs
–> growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe structure of the periosteum.

A

white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints & is an anchoring point for tendons & ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the periosteum contain?

A

many nerve fibers & BVs that continue on to the shaft through nutrient foramen openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum & describe?

A
  • Fibrous layer: secure to bone matrix
  • Osteogenic layer: gives rise to most all bone cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe structure of the endosteum.

A

Delicate CT membrane covering internal bone surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Like periosteum, the endosteum contains

A

osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Precursor stem cells to osteoblasts or bone-lining cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells
(osteoBlasts Build Bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells & stimulate bone remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bone-lining cells

A

Flat cells on the surface of bone to help maintain bony matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-breakdown
(osteoClasts Chomp bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Notes

A

Osteoclast are activated in some cancers causing the breakdown of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When are osteoclast activated

A

when serum Ca++ levels are low
–> they breakdown bone & bone releases Ca++ & other minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define Ossification (osteogenesis)

A
  • the process of bone tissue formation (a change from cartilage to bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When does the formation of bony skeleton begin?

A

month 2 in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When does postnatal bone growth occur until?

A

early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What two mechanism of bone are lifelong?

A
  • bone remodeling
  • bone repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Up to about week 8, ___ and ___ of fetal skeleton are replaced with bone tissue

A
  • fibrous membranes
  • hyaline cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define Endochondral (cartilage) ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage to create most of skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define Intramembranous ossification

A
  • Bone develops from fibrous membrane
  • Bones are called membrane bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Long bones grow lengthwise by ___ of epiphyseal plate

A

interstitial (longitudinal) growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

By the end of adolescence, what happens to the epiphyseal plate

A
  • thins
  • is replaced by bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Epiphyseal plate closure occurs when the…

A

epiphysis & diaphysis fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When does bone lengthening stop in females?

A

around 18yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When does bone lengthening stop in males?

A

around 21yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why is a break at the growth plate so important in pediatric pts?

A

it can have lifelong effects structurally & anatomically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is appositional growth & when can it occur?

A
  • growing bones widen as they lengthen
  • occurs throughout life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bones thicken in response to___

A

incr stress from muscle activity or added weight

50
Q

What stimulates the growth factors?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • thyroid hormone
  • testosterone/estrogen
51
Q
A
52
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Modulate & ensure proper amount of growth hormone & therefore bone growth

53
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate in infancy & childhood

54
Q

Testosterone (M) &Estrogen (F)

A

Promote adolescent growth spurts & end the growth of bones by inducing epiphyseal plate closure (at the end of adolescence)

55
Q

Bone remodeling consists of both…

A

bone deposit (osteoblasts) & bone resorption (osteoclasts

56
Q

Where does bone remodeling occur?

A

at surfaces of both periosteum & endosteum

57
Q

Describe remodeling units

A

packets of adjacent osteoblasts & osteoclasts coordinate the remodeling process

58
Q

Osteoclast activation involves…

A

PTH & immune T-cell proteins

59
Q

Osteoblasts are activated by…

A
  • mechanical signal
  • incr Ca & phosphate ions
  • appropriate amounts of alk phos
60
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

inhibits bone growth

61
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

opposes osteoblasts
- The more adipose tissue you have, may cause you to have more leptin, & could interfere w/ the bone remodeling

62
Q

What stimulates bone remodeling?

A
  • stressors
  • physical activity
  • hormones
  • Ca++ levels
  • Fitness
63
Q

Calcium-homeostasis and bone breakdown has to do with

A

calcium-homeostasis & bone breakdown has to do with

64
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • tones down Ca++
  • stimulates building bone
  • tones down the effects of the PTH
65
Q

NOTE

A

You have high levels of Ca in the blood, so you want to tone down the amount of Ca in the blood, so you deposit it & make more bone

66
Q

When does bone ossification first start occurring?

A

in utero

67
Q

What happens to bone density as we age?

A

it decr

  • esp postmeno women
68
Q

What hormone mediates bone growth?

A

estrogen

69
Q

Closure of the epiphyseal happens at what age?

A

18-25yo

70
Q

Function of Vit D

A

helps absorb Ca++ in the small intestine

71
Q

How long do you have to get sunlight exposure to maintain Vit D levels?

A

5 - 30 minutes
- depends on location, time of year

72
Q

Who are more likely to have a lower Vit D levels?

A
  • African Americans
  • Breastfeeding /pregnant women
73
Q

Function of ligaments

A

along w/ trunk muscles, help support vertebral column

74
Q

Describe the anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down front & back of spine

75
Q

Function of anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

Support & prevent hyperextension (backward) or hyperflexion (forward) bending

76
Q

Function of ligamentum flavum

A

connects adjacent vertebrae

77
Q

Function of short ligaments

A

connect each vertebra to those above & below

78
Q

What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?

A
  • Nucleus pulposus
  • Anulus fibrosus
79
Q

Describe the nucleus pulposus

A
  • Inner gelatinous nucleus
  • Gives disc its elasticity & compressibility
80
Q

Describe the annulus fibrosus?

A
  • Outer collar composed of collagen & fibrocartilage
  • Limits expansion of nucleus pulposus when compressed
81
Q

What are joints?

A

sites where 2 or more bones meet

82
Q

joints aka

A

articulations

83
Q

Functions of joints?

A

give skeleton mobility & hold skeleton together

84
Q

3 classifications of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
85
Q

Why do we have fontanelles then sutures?

A

allows for growth of the brain

86
Q

Example of syndesmoses (fibrous) joint

A

think b/t two bones
–> tibia & fibula

87
Q

Example of a gomphoses (fibrous) joint

A

holding our teeth in gums

88
Q

Criteria for cartilaginous joints

A
  • Bones united by cartilage
  • Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity
  • Not highly movable
89
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
90
Q

Criteria for a synovial joints

A
  • bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • All are diarthrotic (freely movable)
  • Include almost all limb joints
91
Q

What are the general features of synovial joints?

A
  • articular (hyaline) cartilage
  • joint (synovial) cavity
  • articular (joint) capsule
    –> 2 layers
  • synovial fluid
92
Q

Describe articular hyaline cartilage

A

consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

93
Q

Function of articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

prevents crushing of bone ends

94
Q

Describe the joint (synovial) cavity

A

small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints

  • big area for infx!
95
Q

What are the layers of articular (joint) capsule & their function?

A
  • External fibrous layer: dense irregular CT
  • Inner synovial membrane: loose CT that makes synovial fluid
96
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A

viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma & hyaluronic acid

97
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  • Lubricates & nourishes the articulate cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to make sure the joints stay sterile
98
Q

What are bursae?

A

reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

99
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons to reduce friction (can get inflammation called tendonitis)

100
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

tendons

101
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

ligaments

102
Q

What is extracapsular?

A

outside the capsule

103
Q

What is intracapsular?

A
  • deep to capsule
  • covered by synovial membrane
104
Q

What is capsular?

A

thickened part of fibrous layer

105
Q

Function of ligaments?

A

stabilize the joint & help prevent hyperextension/hyperflexion

106
Q

Nerves function…

A
  • detect pain
  • monitor joint position & stretch
107
Q

Capillary beds function…

A

supply filtrate for synovial fluid

108
Q

What are fatty pads?

A

cushioning b/t fibrous layer of capsule & synovial membrane or bone

109
Q

What is an articular disc (menisci)?

A

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, & reduce wear and tear

110
Q

Define origin

A

attachment to immovable bone

111
Q

All muscles attach to bone or CT at no fewer than___

A

2 points

112
Q

Define insertion

A

attachment to moveable bone

113
Q

Muscle contraction causes ___ to move toward ___

A
  • insertion
  • origin
114
Q

6 different types of synovial joints

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar
  • Saddle
  • Ball-and-socket
115
Q

Movements occur along what planes?

A

transverse, frontal, or sagittal

116
Q

Plane joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • nonaxial movement (gliding)
  • intercarpal & intertarsal joints
  • joints b/t vertebral articular surfaces
117
Q

Hinge joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • Uniaxial movement (flexion & extension)
  • elbow & interphalangeal joints
118
Q

Condylar joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • biaxial movement (flex/ext & ab/ad duction)
  • metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) & wrist joints
119
Q

Pivot joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • uniaxial movement (rotation)
  • proximal radioulnar & atlantoaxial joints
120
Q

Saddle joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • biaxial movement (ab/ad duction & flex/ext)
  • carpometacarpal joints of thumb
121
Q

Ball-and-socket joint
Movement type:
Examples:

A
  • multiaxial movement (flex/ext, ab/ad duction, rotation)
  • shoulder & hip joints

Block 3: MSK (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions