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a&p lab Flashcards

1
Q

(endocrine) what’re the 5 major organs of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands, pancreas
pineal gland (epiphysis)

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2
Q

(endocrine) what is the anterior pituitary gland called?

A

adenohypophysis

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3
Q

(endocrine) what is the posterior pituitary gland called?

A

neurohypophysis

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4
Q

(endocrine) how does the adenohypophysis appear? (histology)

A

stains darker, mixture look

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5
Q

(endocrine) how does the neurohypophysis appear? (histology)

A

stains lighter because it contains ascending axons

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6
Q

(endocrine) the pars distalis is ___% of the mass of the anterior pituitary.

A

75%

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7
Q

(endocrine) the pars distalis contains 3 populations of staining cells, define them.

A
  1. chromophobes= poorly stain secretory cells

chromophils (darker stain) further broken into…
2. acidophils= eosinophilic (pink stain) cells
3. basophils= basophilic (blue/purple stain) cells

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8
Q

(endocrine) acidophils contain 2 cell types, what are they and what hormone do they secrete?

what color do acidophils stain?

A
  1. somatotrophs = growth hormone (GH)
  2. mammotrophs = prolactin (PRL)

pink

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9
Q

(endocrine) basophils contain 3 cell types, what are they and what hormone do they secrete?

A
  1. thyrotrophs = thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. corticotrophs = adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. gondadotrophs = follicle-stimulating hormons (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)
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10
Q

(endocrine) which 2 hormones are stored in the pars nervosa?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

(endocrine) see picture if needed

the walls of the thyroid follicles would be classified as which type of epithelium? do they differ in size?

A

simple cuboidal; yes

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12
Q

(endocrine) what is the major glycoprotein found in stored colloid?

A

thyroglobulin

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13
Q

(endocrine) what’re the 2 major hormonal end products of follicular cell secretion?

A

thyroxine (t4) + triiodothyronine (t3)

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14
Q

(endocrine) what hormone is produced by parafollicular cells (c-cells)?

A

calcitonin

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15
Q

(endocrine) what’re the 2 layers of the adrenal gland, start with the most superficial layer.

A

adrenal cortex + adrenal medulla

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16
Q

(endocrine) what’re the 3 zonas of the adrenal cortex, start with the most superficial layer.

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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17
Q

(endocrine) how are zona glomerulosa cells arranged? what class of hormones do they secrete?

A

spherical groups; mineralocorticoids (salts)

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18
Q

(endocrine) how are zona fasciculate cells arranged? what class of hormones do they secrete?

A

quartz/fascicles; glucocorticoids (sugars)

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19
Q

(endocrine) how are zona reticularis cells arranged? what class of hormones do they secrete?

A

net-like; sex hormones

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20
Q

(endocrine) which 2 major catecholamines are secreted by chromaffin cells?

A

epinephrine + norepinephrine

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21
Q

(endocrine) which catecholamine is secreted in greatest abundance in the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

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22
Q

(endocrine) how much tissue mass of the pancreas is towards endocrine activities? exocrine activities?

A

2% ; 98%

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23
Q

(endocrine) what’re the 4 types of pancreatic islet (islets of langerhans) cells called? what do they secrete?

A

A cells = glucagon
B cells = insulin
D cells = somatostatin (SST)
PP cells = pancreatic polypeptides

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24
Q

(endocrine) which pancreatic islet cells are responsible for a hormone that is critical in maintaining glucose homeostasis?

A

A (glucagon) and B (insulin) cells

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25
Q

(endocrine) what hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

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26
Q

(blood) define hematocrit

A

% of volume of blood composed of erythrocytes

27
Q

(blood) what makes up the Buffy Coat? what is a thrombocyte?

A

leukocytes + thrombocytes; platelets

28
Q

(blood) what’re the 5 main types of leukocytes?

A

(granulocytes) neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
(agranulocytes) lymphocytes, monocytes

29
Q

(blood) what is the acronym for the abundance of leukocytes?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

30
Q

(blood) what type of preparation is used for a blood smear?

A

Wright’s Stain

31
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of a eosinophil

A

stains red-ish (acidic) with granules + bilobed nucleus

32
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of a basophil

A

stains blue (basic) with THICK granules + bilobed nucleus

33
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of a neutrophil

A

pale stain with granules + multi lobed nucleus

34
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of a lymphocyte

A

thin pale rim of blue cytoplasm

35
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of a monocyte

A

kidney shaped nucleus

36
Q

(blood) describe the appearance of an erythrocyte. what is their function?

A

biconcave disc shape, no nucleus; carry oxygen

37
Q

(blood) describe the shape of an activated platelet and an inactivated platelet

A

(activated) irregular disc shape
(inactivated) spherical disc, smooth

38
Q

(blood) what is a platelet? their function? where do they originate?

A

are cell fragments of megakaryocytes that contain chemicals involved in the clotting process; they are a temporary fix by blood clotting; they’re formed in the myeloid line from megakaryoblast

39
Q

(vital signs) what’re the 4 major vital signs monitored in a clinical setting?

A

body temp, blood pressure, heart rate, ventilation rate

40
Q

(vital signs) what is ventilation rate? what is the normal resting ventilation rate in adults? in children?

A

the number of breaths taken by the subject over a period of time; 12-20 breaths per minute; higher and variable

41
Q

(vital signs) under which circumstances is longer + shorter recording intervals preferred for ventilation rate?

A

(longer) clinical setting
(shorter) emergency

42
Q

(vital signs) what is the normal resting heart rates for adults? in athletes/babies?

A

60-100bpm; lower in athletes + higher in babies

43
Q

(vital signs) what is the technique of listening for body sounds? what instrument is used?

A

auscultation; stethoscope

44
Q

(vital signs) what are the “lub-dub” heart sounds we hear?

A

(lub)= closing of av valves
(dub)= closing of sl valves

45
Q

(vital signs) define ventricular systole

A

when the ventricles contract

46
Q

(vital signs) define ventricular diastole

A

when the ventricles relax

47
Q

(vital signs) define palpatory technique

A

collapses the brachial artery under pressure and palpating for a radial pulse as pressure is released from the cuff (when the pulse is palpated, # is recorded as systole)

48
Q

(vital signs) define osculatory technique

A

identifies korotkoff sounds; SBP is noted at the 1st sound, DBP is noted when sound disappears

49
Q

(vital signs) what is normal SBP?

A

< 120mmHg

50
Q

(vital signs) what is normal DBP?

A

<80mmHg

51
Q

(vital signs) what is the difference of korotkoff and heart sounds?

A

korotkoff = not a heart sound, it is turbulent atrial blood flow

heart sound = opening and closing of the valves

52
Q

define heart anatomy

A

define heart anatomy

53
Q

(cv + reflexes) what is the name of the structure that serves as the pace maker for the heart? where is it located?

A

SA node; right atrium, inferior to the superior venae cava

54
Q

(cv + reflexes) what’re the two major sources of nervous innervation to the heart? to which autonomic division do they belong to?

A

spinal cord, the brain (vagus nerve); sympathetic, parasympathetic

55
Q

(cv + reflexes) where do the two major major sources of nervous innervation originate? what neurotransmitters are released by each? what type of postsynaptic receptors are located on the cardiac cells?

A

spinal cord-
(preganglionic) acetylcholine
(postpreganglionic) norepinephrine
adrenergic (beta 1)

the brain (vagus nerve)-
(pre/postganglionic) acetylcholine
muscarnic

56
Q

(cv + reflexes) how is the distribution of cardiac neural innervation different for each autonomic division? what’re the consequences of such arrangement?

A

parasympathetic- only go to the pacemaker of the heart (CONSEQ= can only regulate heartbeat)

sympathetic-go to the ventricles and the pacemaker of the heart (CONSEQ= can regulate heart beat and force of contraction of ventricles)

57
Q

(cv + reflexes) what is the pathway for blood flor through the circuits of the heart and blood vessels?

A
58
Q

(cv + reflexes) provide neurological mechanism pathway for how different exposures affect cardiac output?

A
  1. sensory neurons intercept stimuli
  2. info of the signal is sent to the hypothalamus
  3. may activate cardio-inhibitory center or cardio-excitatory center
  4. will go to motor neurons or muscles to be activated
59
Q

define heart anatomy

A

define hert anatomy

60
Q

(vital signs) where would the SA node be located on the heart model?

A

right atrium, inferior to the superior venae cava

61
Q

(vital signs) what is the fetal structure that gives rise to the fossa ovalis?

A

Foramen ovale

62
Q

(vital signs) what other 2 names are used to refer to the bicuspid valve?

A

Left av valve, mitral

63
Q

(vital signs) what other name is used to refer to the tricuspid valve?

A

right AV valve

64
Q
A

a&p (3 decks)

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