Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a&p > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones act two ways: water soluble and lipid soluble. Describe them.

A

Water soluble= cannot enter the cell (must use second messengers)
Lipid soluble= enters the cell without problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary lobe? Where specifically are they stored?

A

Oxytocin + ADH

Stored in the axon terminals ready to go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Stimulates milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What hormones are stored in the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What hormone do parathyroid cell release? When are they secreted?

A

Parathyroid hormone; secreted when calcium is too low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The adrenal gland secrete aldosterone, what function does this have?

A

Stimulate sodium reabsorption by the kidneys (to regulate BP, and make it rise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete? Beta cells?

A

Glucagon; insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of glycogenolysis?

A

(Raise blood sugars) Break down glucagon into glucose, synthesize glucose with lactic acid + noncarbohydrates, release the glucose into the blood steam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A

To mature the reproductive organs, and secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Produced by the testes will mature male organs, sperm production, and sex drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main function of blood?

A

To transport oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define hematocrit

A

The percent volume of blood composed of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define alpha/beta globulins present in the blood plasma. Define gamma globulins.

A

Alpha/beta = produced by the liver, transport proteins to bind to the lipids
Gamma = antibodies released by plasma during an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define the function of erythropoietin (EPO).

A

EPO is stimulates the formation of RBCs, it is released by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is blood doping?

A

The removal, storage, and reinfusal of RBCs to increase oxygen levels for stamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define the function of neutrophils.

A

Are phagocytic, arrive first on the scene, are the most numerous in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define the function of eosinophils.

A

Made for worm parasites, digest worm surfaces through grain enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define the function of basophils.

A

They release histomine which cause swelling to avoid bacteria from infecting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

There are two kinds of lymphocytes, T cells and B cells. What function are the B cells?

A

Upon interaction they make new antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the function of monocytes.

A

Undergo phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are cell fragments of larger megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does it mean if you are Rh-?

A

You have been exposed to the presence of a D antigen (these antigens aren’t made until you come into contact with + blood), these people should only receive blood that’re Rh-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which blood group are universal donors? Which are universal recipients?

A

O negative; AB blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the positive result for blood typing?

A

When blood does not clump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vessels going away from the heart are ____, vessels going towards the heart are ____.

A

Arteries; veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the fossa ovalis in the heart?

A

The remnant of foremen ovale of a fetal heart (closes after brith)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The right ventricle pumps into the ____, the left ventricle pumps into the ____.

A

Pulmonary trunk; the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The tricuspid valve is on the _____, the mitral valve is on the ___.

A

Right AV, Left AV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are there gap junctions between cells in skeletal muscle? In cardiac muscle?

A

No because they function as a unit; yes because the gaps create a functional syncytium (joining of 2+ cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the sequence of excitation?

A
  1. SA node generates impulse
  2. AV node delays the impulse
  3. the AV bundle contents the atria to the ventricles
  4. The bundle branches conduct impulses through the interventricular septum
  5. The purkinje fibers depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What occurs at the p wave?
What occurs at the QRS complex?
What occurs at the t wave?

A

P-wave = atrial depolarization
QRS-complex = Q av node delays signal, R ventricular depolarization, S contraction is complete
T-wave = ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood that is pumped with each beat of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What’re lactiles in the lymphatic system?

A

They take lipids and move them across the lymphatic system to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In the larger lymphatic vessels, what is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

To drain the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What’re lymphoid follicles?

A

They’re located in the germinal center, they’re tightly packed lymphoid cells and they proliferate b-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What’re your primary lymph organs? Your secondary lymph organs?

A

Thymus + red bone marrow;

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What’re the functions of the spleen?

A
  1. House lymphocyte proliferation + immune surveillance
  2. Cleanse body of old RBCs and platelets
  3. Store RBC breakdown for reuse
  4. Store platelets + monocytes
  5. Site for fetal RBC production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What’re the MALT organs?

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the tonsils? The Peyer’s patches? The appendix?

A

Tonsils = gather and remove pathogens from the air
Peyer patches = align in small intestines
Appendix = destroy bacteria and prevent breaching of intestine, make memory lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The thymus has _____ so there is no _____. Its stroma is made of ___.

A

No follicules; B cells; epithelial cells

41
Q

What is the innate defenses? The adaptive defenses?

A

Innate = surface barriers, and internal defenses
Adaptive = providing immunity (takes longer) , B cells and T cells

42
Q

Summarize phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen via receptors
  2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that engulf particles
  3. Lysosome fuses with vesicle
  4. Lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens
  5. Exocytosis of vesicle removes residual material
43
Q

define opsinization

A

The immune system will attach to capsule and create a “handle” to grab onto

44
Q

Define helper t-cells

A

Trigger respiratory burst in macrophages (via free radicals, oxidizing chemicals, high ph, high osmolarity)

45
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

Non phagocytic, they’re the “police”, attach to cells for apoptosis and they kill cancer cells +virus infected cells

46
Q

What is the function of an inflammatory response? What’re the four signs of it?

A

Localized inflammatory to prevent the spread of pathogens

Redness, pain, swelling, heat

47
Q

Summarize the 3 stages of inflammatory response

A
  1. Histamine is released, cytokines attract phagocytes to the area
  2. Vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow, exudates leak into the tissue that contain antibodies and blood clotting factors
  3. Leukocytes are increased
48
Q

Define the two kinds of antimicrobial proteins.

A

Interferon = “warning system” released as a method of preparation (antiviral proteins produced)
Complement = groups of protein that destroy bacteria

49
Q

From a fever, describe pyrogens.

A

Cells can change temperature either that of the body or just localized

50
Q

Define antigens

A

Mobilize adaptive defense, they’re the “target” of the immune response

51
Q

Summarize the adaptive defense mechanism

A
  1. B and T cells originate in bone marrow
  2. T cells mature in the thymus, B cells mature in the bone marrow; here they develop immune competence and self tolerance
  3. Naive lymphocytes leave location and “seed” through lymph organs while circulating
  4. Lymphocyte encounters antigen, and lymphocyte is activated
  5. Proliferation into memory cells and effector cells, circulate continuously
52
Q

What may B cells become?

A

Plasma or memory cells

53
Q

What is an example of passive + natural antibodies?

A

(No memory cells) antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus through birth and breast milk

54
Q

Define the antibody IgG

A

The largest class of antibodies

55
Q

CD8 cells bind to ____ and become ____

A

Class I MHC; Cytotoxic T cells, become bounty hunters for life

56
Q

Define cytokines

A

They’re the chemical messengers of the immune system

57
Q

CD4 cells bind to _____ and become ___

A

Class II MHC proteins;
Helper cells/ regulatory cells

58
Q

Define helper T cells

A

They activate and recruite the immune system to get a job done

59
Q

Define the tunica media of a blood vessel

A

The middle muscle layer, conducts vasoconstriction or vasodilation, the bulkiest layer made of mostly elastin

60
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To exchange gasses and hormones between the blood and interstitial fluid

61
Q

Define a sinusoidal capillary type

A

Allows blood to flow into an area slowly (liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla)

They have the largest clefts/fenestrations, “Swiss cheese”

62
Q

Summarize BP as they pass through the systemic circuit

A

Continuously lowers, highest at aorta and lowest at vena cavae

63
Q

Friction rises with greater ___,____,___

A

Viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter

64
Q

If the change of pressure is greater, blood flow ____

A

Speeds up

65
Q

If the change in resistance is greater, blood flow ____

A

Slows down

66
Q

Identify the function of norepinephrine on blood

A

Increase cardiac output and vaso constriction

67
Q

Identify the function of angiotensin II on blood

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction

68
Q

Identify the function of ADH on blood

A

Cause vasoconstriction

69
Q

Identify the function of atrial natriuretic peptide

A

To decrease BP

70
Q

At capillary exchange, the velocity of blood flow is ____

A

The slowest

71
Q

Define colloid osmotic pressure

A

Using proteins to make water move across

72
Q

What is the net fluid movement at the arteriolar end of a capillary? At the venous end?

A

Net is going out (filtration), which is good because it’s “taking out the trash”

Net is going in (reabsorption), which is good because the lymph system is preventing swelling

73
Q

Where is the carina of trachea? know anatomy

A

It separates the bronchus

74
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Designated air way, voice production box

75
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A flexible pipe that adjusts to needs, supported by ring like structure and contracts during cough

76
Q

What’re the type 1 cells in the respiratory membrane? Type 2?

A

Type 1 = simple squamous epithelium
Type 2 = secretes surfactant (breaks surface tension) and antimicrobial proteins

77
Q

Does the respiratory membrane have a fused basement membrane?

A

Yes

78
Q

Define intraplural pressure

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity, prevents lung collapse

Lung has natural tendency to recoil, also has surface tension on alveoli to reduce its size

79
Q

Define boyle’s law

A

Volume changes with pressure

80
Q

Summarize the sequence of events in inspiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increase
  3. Lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases
81
Q

ventilation graph
Identify IRV, TV, ERV,RV

A

Top to bottom

82
Q

Define Dalton’s law

A

The total pressure of mixture equals the sum of each partial pressure

83
Q

Define Henry’s law

A

When gas touches liquid, some gas’s dissolve easily due to pressure/temp

84
Q

What changes the structure of hemoglobin?

A

Temp, pH, BPG

85
Q

Bicarbonate ions are ___ so they do not release many hydrogen protons

A

Weak

86
Q

Define chlorine shift

A

An outrush of bicarbonate ions is balanced with large influx of chlorine

87
Q

H2CO3 forms

A

Bicarbonate acid

88
Q

Slow shallow breath induce ___ co2, ___ ph, ____ environment

A

High, low, acidic

89
Q

Rapid deep breath induce ___ co2, ___ph, ___ environment

A

Low, high, basic

90
Q

What is the role of the messentry in the abdominal cavity?

A

To hold organs in place and provide a route for vessels to go through

91
Q

picture label the mucosa, submucosa, muscular is externa, serosa

A

Inside towards out

92
Q

What does the hepatic portal circulation do?

A

Moves nutrient rich cells from the organs to the liver to make “human protein”

93
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Breaks carbs into simple sugars

94
Q

What does the stomach make of bolus?

A

Chyme

95
Q

What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?

A

They make hydrochloric acid for sterilization, glycoprotein to absorb B12, activate the make for pepsin

96
Q

What do chief cells make in the stomach?

A

Make pepsinogen and lipase (that digest lipids through the blood stream)

97
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

To detoxify, monitor pathogens, and recycle RBCs

Everything from the digestive system is processed in the liver

It emulsifies fats, and bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum

98
Q

Define the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

To open into the duodenum

99
Q
A

a&p (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions