a&p lab final

Question 1

(ECG) what type of recording is an ECG? how does it measure electrical activity of the heart?

Answer 1

extracellular recording; using surface electrodes on the skin

Question 2

(ECG) depolarization is typically followed by ____ and indicates onset of _____

Answer 2

muscle contraction; ventricular systole

Question 3

(ECG) repolarization is typically followed by ____ and indicates onset of ____

Answer 3

relaxation; diastole

Question 4

(ECG) electrical current is generated by cardiac activity that flows ____

Answer 4

(-) to (+) electrodes

Question 5

(ECG) what is each pair of electrodes known as?

Answer 5

leads

Question 6

(ECG) what kind of ECG did we perform in lab? what is this configuration known as?

Answer 6

a standard 3 lead ECG; Einthoven’s triangle

Question 7

(ECG) lead 1 was on _____, lead 2 was on _____, lead 3 was on _____

Answer 7

voltage between the right and left arm; voltage between the right arm and left leg; voltage between the left arm and left leg

Question 8

(ECG) what does the ground electrode help reduce?

Answer 8

reduces electrical interference from outside the body

Question 9

(ECG) the duration was measured in ____

Answer 9

seconds

Question 10

(ECG) the amplitude was measured in ____

Answer 10

millivolts

Question 11

(ECG) ____ is the physiological process of breathing, or moving air in and out of the lungs

Answer 11

ventilation

Question 12

(ECG) ____ measures the volume of airflow

Answer 12

spirometer

Question 13

(ECG) lung capacities are ____

Answer 13

combinations of 2 or more different lung values

Question 14

(ECG) what is your tidal volume?

Answer 14

normal breathing

Question 15

(vision) where does vision begin?

Answer 15

begins with the of light stimuli in the retina

Question 16

(vision) veins that circulate bloodin the eye are responsible for ___.

Answer 16

the normal reddish appearance of the ocular fundus

Question 17

(vision) what exam is used to screen for abnormalities of the retina/major blood vessels in the fundus of the eye?

Answer 17

fundoscopic exam

Question 18

(vision) a fundoscopic exam requires the use of the instrument ____. how is it used?

Answer 18

ophthalmoscope;

focuses light onto the fundus and visualizes the structures using light filters/focusing lenses

Question 19

(vision) define red reflex

Answer 19

the reddish/orange coloration reflected back to the examiner when light is focused on the fundus = extensive vascularization of the retina

Question 20

(vision) is the red reflex a true physiological reflex?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

(vision) what does the red reflex determine?

Answer 21

an important cue to indicate a healthy eye; any obstructions can block light to the fundus and reveal problems in the cornea, lens, vitreous body, and retina

Question 22

(vision) the retina is divided into two major parts, name them

Answer 22

lateral portion = temporal retina
medial portion = nasal retina

Question 23

(vision) the optic disc helps _____

Answer 23

where blood vessels enter and leave the retina (point where axons of ganglion cells come together)

Question 24

(vision) does the retina contain photoreceptor cells on the optic disc?

Answer 24

no, this is our blind spot

Question 25

(vision) what does the macula lutea/fovea centralis consist of? what is it responsible for?

Answer 25

short blue light photoreceptors;

the highest acuity vision in humans (when you focus on objects, they provide a sharp detailed central vision)

Question 26

(hearing) what’re the 3 division of the human ear?

Answer 26

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Question 27

(vision) detection of sound waves occurs in the ____ and involves all 3 regions.

Answer 27

ear

Question 28

(vision) what occurs in conduction hearing loss?

Answer 28

results from factors that impede transmission of soundwaves from the outer ear to the inner ear

Question 29

(vision) what factors may contribute to conduction hearing loss?

Answer 29

excessive ear wax, middle ear infections, bony formations of ossicles

Question 30

(vision) what occurs in sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 30

results from damage to sensory structures in the inner ear (cochlea/cochlear nerve)

Question 31

(vision) what factors may contribute to the sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 31

damage through injury, disease, aging

Question 32

(vision) which test detects lateralization (an asymmetry of auditory transmission between two ears)?

what do the results mean?

Answer 32

Weber’s Test;

lateralization occurs when the subjects hears a sound louder in one ear than the other, if equally perceived then the subject is normal

Question 33

(vision) what does an abnormal weber’s test indicate?

Answer 33

hearing loss on one side;

lateralization to the left may either be conduction hearing loss on left or sensorineural hearing loss on the right

Question 34

(vision) which test detects conduction hearing loss in each ear? what does it compare?

Answer 34

Rinne’s Test;

it compares perception of sound via air conduction and bone conduction

Question 35

(vision) A positive rinne test indicates ____. A negative rinne test indicates ____.

Answer 35

air conduction was longer than bone conduction, normal;

bone conduction was longer than air conduction, abnormal

Question 36

(otoscopic) an otoscopic exam require the use of the instrument _____.

Answer 36

otoscope

Question 37

(otoscopic) the otoscopic exam helps to visualize the ______. what do you observe?

Answer 37

tympanic membrane;

the shape and color, possible drainage that leads to an ear infection

Question 38

(equilibrium) the sense of regulating equilibrium is referred to as _____.

Answer 38

vestibular function

Question 39

(equilibrium) what structures of the ear regulate vestibular function, and where are they located in the ear?

Answer 39

vestibule and semicircular canals, the inner ear

Question 40

(equilibrium) vestibular organs contain _____ to detect angular/rotational movements, the structure ____ detects such movements

Answer 40

endolymph; cupula

Question 41

(equilibrium) what is the important part of the vestibular function?

Answer 41

facilitates movement of the ear and eye to enable visual tracking of targets as they are moving

Question 42

(equilibrium) vestibular feedback mediates neurological control of eye movements through a reflex arc is called ____. what does it do?

Answer 42

vestibulo-ocular reflex;

allows us to keep our gaze fixed on our target as we move our heads by producing a compensatory eye movement in the opposite direction

Question 43

(equilibrium) the alteration between smooth pursuit and saccadic movements is called _____

Answer 43

nystagmus

Question 44

(equilibrium) rapid eye movements to the right indicate _____

Answer 44

right beating nystagmus

Question 45

(equilibrium) the rotary chair test is also called the ____

Answer 45

barany test

Question 46

(equilibrium) tricking your brain in the barany test produces ______ nystagmus

Answer 46

postrotatory