a&p lab final Flashcards
(ECG) what type of recording is an ECG? how does it measure electrical activity of the heart?
extracellular recording; using surface electrodes on the skin
(ECG) depolarization is typically followed by ____ and indicates onset of _____
muscle contraction; ventricular systole
(ECG) repolarization is typically followed by ____ and indicates onset of ____
relaxation; diastole
(ECG) electrical current is generated by cardiac activity that flows ____
(-) to (+) electrodes
(ECG) what is each pair of electrodes known as?
leads
(ECG) what kind of ECG did we perform in lab? what is this configuration known as?
a standard 3 lead ECG; Einthoven’s triangle
(ECG) lead 1 was on _____, lead 2 was on _____, lead 3 was on _____
voltage between the right and left arm; voltage between the right arm and left leg; voltage between the left arm and left leg
(ECG) what does the ground electrode help reduce?
reduces electrical interference from outside the body
(ECG) the duration was measured in ____
seconds
(ECG) the amplitude was measured in ____
millivolts
(ECG) ____ is the physiological process of breathing, or moving air in and out of the lungs
ventilation
(ECG) ____ measures the volume of airflow
spirometer
(ECG) lung capacities are ____
combinations of 2 or more different lung values
(ECG) what is your tidal volume?
normal breathing
(vision) where does vision begin?
begins with the of light stimuli in the retina
(vision) veins that circulate bloodin the eye are responsible for ___.
the normal reddish appearance of the ocular fundus
(vision) what exam is used to screen for abnormalities of the retina/major blood vessels in the fundus of the eye?
fundoscopic exam
(vision) a fundoscopic exam requires the use of the instrument ____. how is it used?
ophthalmoscope;
focuses light onto the fundus and visualizes the structures using light filters/focusing lenses
(vision) define red reflex
the reddish/orange coloration reflected back to the examiner when light is focused on the fundus = extensive vascularization of the retina
(vision) is the red reflex a true physiological reflex?
no
(vision) what does the red reflex determine?
an important cue to indicate a healthy eye; any obstructions can block light to the fundus and reveal problems in the cornea, lens, vitreous body, and retina
(vision) the retina is divided into two major parts, name them
lateral portion = temporal retina
medial portion = nasal retina
(vision) the optic disc helps _____
where blood vessels enter and leave the retina (point where axons of ganglion cells come together)
(vision) does the retina contain photoreceptor cells on the optic disc?
no, this is our blind spot
(vision) what does the macula lutea/fovea centralis consist of? what is it responsible for?
short blue light photoreceptors;
the highest acuity vision in humans (when you focus on objects, they provide a sharp detailed central vision)
(hearing) what’re the 3 division of the human ear?
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
(vision) detection of sound waves occurs in the ____ and involves all 3 regions.
ear
(vision) what occurs in conduction hearing loss?
results from factors that impede transmission of soundwaves from the outer ear to the inner ear
(vision) what factors may contribute to conduction hearing loss?
excessive ear wax, middle ear infections, bony formations of ossicles
(vision) what occurs in sensorineural hearing loss?
results from damage to sensory structures in the inner ear (cochlea/cochlear nerve)
(vision) what factors may contribute to the sensorineural hearing loss?
damage through injury, disease, aging
(vision) which test detects lateralization (an asymmetry of auditory transmission between two ears)?
what do the results mean?
Weber’s Test;
lateralization occurs when the subjects hears a sound louder in one ear than the other, if equally perceived then the subject is normal
(vision) what does an abnormal weber’s test indicate?
hearing loss on one side;
lateralization to the left may either be conduction hearing loss on left or sensorineural hearing loss on the right
(vision) which test detects conduction hearing loss in each ear? what does it compare?
Rinne’s Test;
it compares perception of sound via air conduction and bone conduction
(vision) A positive rinne test indicates ____. A negative rinne test indicates ____.
air conduction was longer than bone conduction, normal;
bone conduction was longer than air conduction, abnormal
(otoscopic) an otoscopic exam require the use of the instrument _____.
otoscope
(otoscopic) the otoscopic exam helps to visualize the ______. what do you observe?
tympanic membrane;
the shape and color, possible drainage that leads to an ear infection
(equilibrium) the sense of regulating equilibrium is referred to as _____.
vestibular function
(equilibrium) what structures of the ear regulate vestibular function, and where are they located in the ear?
vestibule and semicircular canals, the inner ear
(equilibrium) vestibular organs contain _____ to detect angular/rotational movements, the structure ____ detects such movements
endolymph; cupula
(equilibrium) what is the important part of the vestibular function?
facilitates movement of the ear and eye to enable visual tracking of targets as they are moving
(equilibrium) vestibular feedback mediates neurological control of eye movements through a reflex arc is called ____. what does it do?
vestibulo-ocular reflex;
allows us to keep our gaze fixed on our target as we move our heads by producing a compensatory eye movement in the opposite direction
(equilibrium) the alteration between smooth pursuit and saccadic movements is called _____
nystagmus
(equilibrium) rapid eye movements to the right indicate _____
right beating nystagmus
(equilibrium) the rotary chair test is also called the ____
barany test
(equilibrium) tricking your brain in the barany test produces ______ nystagmus
postrotatory
