A & P II Final - Sheet1 (2) Flashcards
endocrine system
what is a hormone?
a mediator molecule that is released in 1 part of the body
endocrine system
what is a hormone’s functions?
regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body they are released into blood to circulate in body until they get to a target cell
endocrine system
How does the nervous system operate
It sends nerve impulses by neurotransmitter
endocrine system
How does the endocrine system operate
It releases hormones from 1 place of the body to a target organ/cell
endocrine system
What is permissive effect
1 hormone can only work if another one is there. E.X reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect
endocrine system
What synergistic effect
There are multiple same hormones producing the same effect on the target cell,making it amplified . E.X- glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose
endocrine system
What is Antagonistic effect
when 1 hormone cancels out the other hormone.E.X - insulin and glucagon
endocrine system
What cells of the pancreas produce insulin
Beta cells
endocrine system
Which cells of the pancreas produce glucagon
Alpha cells
endocrine system
How does insulin lower blood glucose levels
pancreas produces insulin
insulin tells liver to make glycogen
Glycogen is released to lower levels
endocrine system
What is insulin activity of type 1 diabetes?
hypo secretion of insulin (too little insulin produces) and genetics
endocrine system
What is the insulin activity of type II diabetes?
hypo activity of insulin (a lot of insulin but not working) and is based on lifestyle choices
endocrine system
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
A.) Hormones
B.) Antibodies
C.) proteins
D.) Enzymes
A.) Hormones
endocrine system
True or False: Autocrine hormones are local hormones which act on neighboring cells/tissues.
TRUE
endocrine system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A.)The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
B.)Nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C.)The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
D.)The location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C.) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
endocrine system
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
A.) Antagonistic hormones
B.) Permissive hormones
C.) Plasma membrane receptors
D.) Synergistic hormones
A.) Antagonistic hormones
endocrine system
Melatonin
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
endocrine system
Thyroid Hormone
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
endocrine system
Oxytocin
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
endocrine system
Growth Hormone
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
endocrine system
Parathyroid Hormone
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
endocrine system
Insulin
A.) Regulates sleep/wake cycles
B.) Stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth
C.) Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
D.) Body’s major metabolic hormone, affects virtually every cell in body
E.) Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
F.) Responsible for taking glucose from the blood and putting it into storage
endocrine system
The following image shows a “buffalo hump” which is a common sign for what disease?
Cushing’s Syndrome
endocrine system
Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to how the Nervous versus Endocrine System achieves its’ function?
A.) The endocrine system can elicit lingering effects
B.) The nervous system elicits a fast response
C.) The nervous system elicits a brief effect
D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters
D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters
endocrine system
All of the following glands serve purely endocrine functions EXCEPT:
A.) Thyroid
B.) Pancreas
C.) Pineal
D.) Pituitary
B.) Pancreas
endocrine system
True or False: If a hormone cannot interact with its’ target cell receptors, it will still be able to find a way to perform its’ function.
TRUE
endocrine system
When one hormone cannot exert its’ effects without another specific hormone being present, this is called a _____ effect.
A.)Synergistic
B.) Permissive
C.) Symbiotic
D.) Antagonistic
B.) Permissive
endocrine system
____ cells of the Pancreas are responsible for the production of insulin.
A.) Alpha Cells
B.) Omega Cells
C.) Delta Cells
D.) Beta Cells
D.) Beta Cells
endocrine system
Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels ________.
A.) Decrease
B .)Stay the same – there is a constant release of insulin
C.) Increase
C.) Increase
endocrine system
True or False: Type 1 Diabetes results from a Hypoactivity of Insulin.
FALSE
endocrine system
All of the following are three cardinal signs of Diabetes, EXCEPT:
A.) Excessive Thirst
B.) A Huge urine output
C.) Decreased hunger
D.) Excessive Hunger
C.) Decreased hunger
blood/blood typing
What is the composition of blood?
1.) Plasma 55% of blood
2.) Buffy coat
3.) Leukocytes an platelets <1%
4.) Erythrocytes 45% of blood
blood/blood typing
What is the measure of hematocrit for male & female?
47% for males
42% for females
blood/blood typing
How does a sample of whole blood looks after it has been sent through a centrifuge?
1.) plasma = on top
2.) buffy coat = in middle
3.) erythrocytes = on bottom
blood/blood typing
Know the general structure of hemoglobin
1.) biconcave shape = more surface area for exchange
2.) lots of hemoglobin (97 % of cell) = Hb is what oxygen binds to
3.) they don’t have mitochondria
blood/blood typing
What is the oxygen carrying capacity for hemoglobin?
4 oxygen
blood/blood typing
What are the 3 groups of causes of anemia?
1.) blood loss-hemorrhagic anemia (means rapid blood loss)too much blood lost = RBC lost = RBC supply lost faster that can be replaced
2.) not enough RBC produced-iron-deficiency anemia body doesn’t have enough iron = iron needed to make hemoglobin = no hemoglobin = no RBC
3.) too many RBC being destroyed-sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin turns into a different shape, crescent moon)not enough oxygen = RBC become crescent shaped = shape is bad = crescent RBC explode easily & block stuff from being weird shaped = die often = less RBC
blood/blood typing
Know human blood groups / typing under ABO and Rh.
1.) type A- Anti B antibodies
2.) type B- Anti A antibodies
3.) type AB- No antibodies
4.) type O- Anti A and and B antibodies
blood/blood typing
Understand what would happen if you had a certain blood type and received a transfusion from a different type.
the recipient (Rh-) will attack the donor (Rh+) w/ the recipients plasma agglutinins (antigens)- the anti A/B antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) & clog small vessels & rupture
cardiovascular
function of pulmonary veins
they take oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)
cardiovascular
function of pulmonary arteries
they take deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart to the lungs (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)
cardiovascular
what type of blood does the right atrium receive?
deoxygenated blood
cardiovascular
how does the right atrium receive blood?
it receives blood from 3 holes
cardiovascular
what 3 holes does the right atrium receive from?
1.) superior vena cava
2.) inferior vena cava
3.) coronary sinus
cardiovascular
after the right atrium receives blood, what does it go through to?
blood goes through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
cardiovascular
what are the steps of the right side of the heart?
right atrium receives blood (3)→ through right AV → into right ventricle → pushed up to pulmonary semilunar valve → through pulmonary trunk → pumped into pulmonary arteries → out to the lungs for oxygen
