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a&p fall test Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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2
Q

define physiology

A

the functions of the body and how they work

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3
Q

what are the 6 functional characteristics needed to maintain human life?

A

-metabolism, break down & build up molecules.
-responsiveness, ability to respond to changes.
-movement, moving the body or part within like blood flow.
-growth, body size through cells or extracellular material
-differentiation, into specialized cells
-reproduction, of new cells or new humans

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4
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

to maintain equilibrium through regulation and feedback loops

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5
Q

how do nerve impulses affect homeostasis?

A

quick and specific

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6
Q

how do hormones affect homeostasis?

A

slower and broad

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7
Q

what are positive feedback loops?

A

enhances stimulus causing it to be amplified, pushing the body away from homeostasis.
ex: childbirth, contractions of uterus cause release of oxytocin which stimulates stronger contractions until childbirth

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8
Q

what are negative feedback loops?

A

reduces or stops stimulus preventing severe changes within the body, decreasing the difference between current level and set point.
ex: sweating, when youre hot your sweat glands release sweat to be evaporated on your skin to cool you down

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9
Q

what is homeostatic imbalance?

A

occurs when control centre cannot properly respond to stimulus. this leads to dysfunction and disease

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10
Q

what can cause homeostatic imbalance?

A

overtime the body cant respond properly to things causing these distructive changes. this can happen because of age like being less aware of thirst

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11
Q

what is the octet rule?

A

an atom is stable when it has 8 outer valence electrons, a full outer shell

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12
Q

what is the role of electrons in chemical bonding?

A

electrons on the valence shell interact with other nuclei and involve in chemical reactions

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13
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

strongest chem bond, transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another resulting in ions

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14
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

formed by the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms. can be polar or non polar

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15
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

weak attractions between partial + and - that always includes H in the polar molecule

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16
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged atom, happens when an atom gains or loses an electron. can be either anion or cation

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17
Q

what is an anion? what is a cation?

A

anion- gains elec (-)
cation- loses elec (+)

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18
Q

what are the types of covalent bonds?

A

polar- unequal sharing of electrons (H2O)
nonpolar- equal sharing of electrons (CH4)

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19
Q

is CO2 or H2O polar?

A

H2O is polar, CO2 is nonpolar

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20
Q

what is a polar compound? what makes a non polar compound?

A

-two atoms do not share electrons equally.
-atoms are shared equally.

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21
Q

what factors affect chemical reaction rates?

A

-high temp speeds up rate
-particle sizes, smaller=faster
-catalyst speed up rates
-enzymes speed up rates
- increased concentration of reactants will increase the frequency of collisions between the two reactants causing it to be faster

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22
Q

what is a synthesis reaction?

A

two components combine to make a larger molecule (a + b = ab)

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23
Q

what is a decomposite reaction?

A

bonds are broken between larger molecules (ab= a + b)

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24
Q

what is an exchange reaction?

A

bonds between reactants are broken and rearranged (ab + c = ac + b)

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25
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

type of exchange reaction, atoms are reduced when they gain elec, and oxidized when lose elec

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26
Q

why are redox reactions important?

A

they are a main source of energy

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27
Q

why are chemical reactions in the body are often
irreversible?

A

Energy requirements to go backward may be too
high, or reactants that have been converted to products cannot convert back

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28
Q

what is matter?

A

has mass and occupies space

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29
Q

what is energy?

A

the ability to work, to move

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30
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

puts matter into motion

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31
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy that is stored

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32
Q

what is an element? what are the most common in the body?

A

an element is a substance that can’t be broken down.
C,O, H, N. less elements are S sulfur, and P phosphorus

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33
Q

what is an isotope?

A

“heavy element”, has more or less neutrons than the element normally would

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34
Q

what is a radioisotope?

A

a radioactive isotope, nucleus has decayed and it emits electromagnetic energy.
can be used for carbon dating, seeing when something stopped eating

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35
Q

what is a molecule?

A

made by the covalent bonding of two or more atoms

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36
Q

what is a compound?

A

molecules made up of two or more different elements

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37
Q

what is a mixture?

A

two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined and can be physically separated

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38
Q

what is an enzyme

A

proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body, is a biological catalyst

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39
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

increases rate of chem reactions without being chemically changed or being consumed by the reaction

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40
Q

what is an organic compound? inorganic?

A

organic- large, covalently bonded, and contains carbon; proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbs

inorganic- simple and do not contain carbon; water, salts, acids, and bases

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41
Q

what is the importance of water and salt with respects to homeostasis?

A

salts dissolve in water creating electrolytes to maintain cells. Ionic balance is vital for homeostasis. If electrolyte
balance is disrupted, virtually all organ systems cease to function.

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42
Q

what are acids? bases? pH scale?

A

acid- 0-6 more H
base- 8-14 more OH less H
pH scale is the measurement of the concentration of H in a solution

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43
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

a covalent bond is created
by removing OH from one molecule and H from the
other, releasing water

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44
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

a covalent bond is broken by adding OH from water to one molecule and H to the other (adding water back)

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45
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

sugars and starches. main source of chem energy for metabolism contains C H and O

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46
Q

what are most organic compounds made from and how are they broken down?

A

generally made through dehydration synthesis
reactions and broken down by hydrolysis reactions

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47
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

single unit of sugar
3-7 carbon
1:2:1 ratio, things like glucose

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48
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two sugars, Formed by dehydration
synthesis of two
monosaccharides, too large
to pass through a cell
membrane

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49
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

large chains of monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synth

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50
Q

what is starch? glycogen? cellulose?

A

starch- glucose storage in plants.
glycogen- glucose storage in animals.
cellulose- fiber made from glucose that most animals cannot digest

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51
Q

what do lipids contain?

A

glycerol and fatty acid chains

C H O and sometimes P

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52
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

energy storage, insulation and
protection.
has a glycerol backbone ester bonded to fatty acid tails

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53
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

solid at room temperature. all carbons single bonded to H and saturated with hydrogen

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54
Q

what is unsaturated fatty acid?

A

liquid at room temp. have one or more carbons are
linked by double bonds, so they are not saturated
with hydrogen atoms.

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55
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

modified triglycerides, used in cellular mems that are made
of glycerol and two fatty acids
plus a phosphate group. had a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

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56
Q

what are steroids?

A

has 4 rings of carbon. cholesterol is the most common. it helps in the digestion of other fats and is a building block for many hormones

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57
Q

what are Eicosanoids?

A

Eicosanoids are a group of unsat fatty acids. Prostaglandins help regulated blood pressure and immflamuation as well as being an alert sys in body. can also increase the sensitivity of pain receptors and induce fever.

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58
Q

what is primary protein structure?

A

sequence or order of
amino acids in the
polypeptide chain.

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59
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

refers to shapes like alpha (α) helices or beta (β) pleated sheets that form when H bonds between atoms in primary structure interact

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60
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

the 3D shape of
a single polypeptide chain.
This shape arises from how
the chain folds based on
regions of amino acids that
are hydrophilic (fold outwards to be near water) or hydrophobic (fold to the inside, to get away
from water), or disulphide bridges (covalent bonds
between sulphurs from two cysteine amino acids)

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61
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

occurs when two or
more polypeptide
chains join together
to make one functional
protein multimer like hemoglobin. not all proteins have this

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62
Q

what are fibrous proteins? Globular?

A

fibrous- strand-like insoluble molecules that provide mechanical support and strength to tissues
globular-compact, spherical, water soluble, and chemically active molecules that oversee most cellular functions

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63
Q

what is protein denature?

A

the loss of the 3D shape of glob protein, leading to loss of function. happens when protein is exposed to high heat or pH changes

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64
Q

what two parts make up enzymes?

A

apoenzyme (protein portion) and cofactors (helper molecules, typically metal ions) or coenzymes (organic molecules, often derived from vitamins).

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65
Q

what are holoenzymes?

A

Apoenzymes together with the necessary cofactors
or coenzymes are called holoenzymes, functional enzyme, which is catalytically active

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66
Q

what are the 3 steps for enzyme action?

A
  1. Enzyme and substrate
    come together at an active
    site, forming an enzyme-
    substrate complex.
  2. Enzyme catalyzes the
    reaction and transforms
    substrate into products.
  3. When the reaction is
    complete, the enzyme is
    unchanged and free to
    catalyse another reaction.
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67
Q

what is DNA? RNA?

A

DNA-double helix molecule, located in the cell nucleus that contains cells genes
RNA- single-stranded molecule, mostly active outside of cell, works as messenger for DNA

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68
Q

what are the bases of DNA and RNA? what pairs with what?

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.
Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) (only RNA) are pyrimidines
a&t, g&c, a&u paired w each other through hydrogen bonding.

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69
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer) and rRNA (ribosomal)

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70
Q

Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism

A
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71
Q

what is ATP

A

The chemical energy released from breaking down
glucose. contains RNA and 3 phosphate groups

72
Q

how does ATP work?

A

hydrolyze an additional
phosphate from ATP, the energy from a phosphate being released and binding to another molecule,
phosphorylating it, can power a chemical reaction. the P can then return to the now ADP to be used again as ATP

73
Q

why is ATP useful?

A

-ATP can power any enzyme
-made in mitochandria but can diffuse and be used anywhere to power a reaction, then ADP will diffuse back to the
mitochondria to recharge

74
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell involving nutrient. helps w growth, repair and energy

75
Q

what is an anabolic pathway? what is a catabolic pathway?

A

-builds complex molecules
-breaks down complex molecules

76
Q

what is an oxidation reaction?

A

involve the gain of oxygen or
loss of hydrogen atoms (and their electrons)

77
Q

what is Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

A

oxidized substances losing electrons and reduced
substances gaining electrons

78
Q

what happens to electrons when a reaction is oxidized?

A

lose elec

79
Q

what happens to electrons when a reaction is reduced?

A

gain elec

80
Q

what is the role of the 2 coenzymes in redox reactions?

A

act as hydrogen
(or electron) acceptors in oxidative pathway.
-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ is derived from vitamin B3 and can be reduced into NADH + H+.
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is derived
from Vitamin B2 and can
be reduced into FADH2.

81
Q

what is substrate-level
phosphorylation?

A

chem bonds are broken and energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. it does not require oxygen

82
Q

what is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

energy from food creates an electron transport chain at attach phosphates to ADP to convert it to ATP and requires oxygen

83
Q

what is glycolysis? what does it produce? where does it take place?

A

converts sugar (glucose) into energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and uses lactic acid instead of oxygen

84
Q

what is The Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

A

nutrients are broken down to release energy, which gets stored in the form of ATP. occurs in mitochandrial matrix fueled by
pyruvic acid from glucose breakdown and fatty
acids from fat breakdown. pyruvic acid enters transitional phase where each pyruvic acid is
converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), if oxygen is available

85
Q

what is an Electron transport chain?

A

electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. energy from NADH
and FADH2 move H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space. H+ diffuse back to through an enzyme which phosphorylates ADP to ATP as the H+ diffuses.

86
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

the process that forms glycogen from glucose, occurs in skeletal and liver muscles

87
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breaks down glycogen when blood glucose levels drop

88
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

forms glucose
from non-glucose molecules, such as glycerol or amino acids, to maintain blood glucose when
dietary sources and glucose reserves begin to be depleted to protect against low blood sugar

89
Q

what is the chemical composition of the plasma
membrane?

A

described as fluid mosaic model.
has a lipid bilayer, glycolipids(lipid attached to cholesterol), cholesterol, intagreal proteins (go through mem), perfiferal proteins (attached to inside or outside of plasma mem)

90
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

provides a barrier, selectively permeable, cell to cell communication attachment

91
Q

what are membrane proteins?

A

allow cell communication with
environment.

92
Q

what are integral and peripheral proteins?

A

in- goes through membrane, transport as channels or carriers
per- attached to plasma mem, functions in enzymes or mechnical cell functions

93
Q

what is an ion channel?

A

forms a channel for ions to move through the plasma mem

94
Q

what is a carrier?

A

Transports a specific
substance across membrane
by undergoing a change in
shape

95
Q

what is a receptor?

A

passes message across mem and causes a reaction inside of the cell

96
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

catalyzes reactions and split large molecules for easy entrance in the plasma mem

97
Q

what is a linker?

A

Anchors filaments inside and
outside the plasma membrane,
providing structural stability
and shape for the cell

98
Q

Describe the role of the glycocalyx when cells interact with their environment

A

Consists of sugars sticking out of
cell surface which allows for identification.

99
Q

what are tight, desmosome, and gap junctions?

A

tight- holds 2 cells together not allowing anything to pass like in the brain
desmosome- scattered attachments along cells to join together to reduce tearing like in muscle cells
gap- channels from cell-cell allowing some molecules to pass found in heart cells so they can beat together

100
Q

passive transport?

A

substances move down CG no energy required.

101
Q

active transport?

A

substances move against CG and energy is required

102
Q

what is simple diffusion? what kind of transport is it?

A

diffusion through the plasma
membrane without using a channel or carrier. It can
only be done by lipids or small uncharged molecules (passive trans)

103
Q

what is facilitated diffusion? what kind of transport is it?

A

sugars, amino acids, or
ions are moved through the plasma membrane by
binding to transport protein carriers in the membrane or by moving through channels (passive trans)

104
Q

what is osmosis? what kind of transport?

A

the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane (passive trans)

105
Q

what is membrane potential?

A

voltage across the cell
membrane that occurs due to a separation of oppositely charged particles (ions)

106
Q

what is primary active transport? secondary?

A

primary- uses ATP to transport molecules against CG by changing shape so the solute can bind to the protein and be pumped across
secondary- no ATP is required. Energy from ion gradient diffusion is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes

107
Q

what is endocytosis? exocytosis?

A

-transport into the cell
- transport out of the cell

108
Q

what is phagocytosis? pintocytosis?

A

both types of endocytosis:
phag- cell eating, plasma mem wraps around sunstance and pulls into a vacuole to break down
pinto- cell drinking, takes in extracellular fluid with dissolved substances into cell by vacuole.

109
Q

what is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

uses receptors to bring in something specific frojm the outside of the cell

110
Q

what elements make up the cytoskeleton?

A

microvilli-allows for more surface area
microfill- actin protein as a solid rod shape thats twisted
inter- fibrous proteins coiled together
microtub- tubulin proteins forming a hollow tube

111
Q

what is the role of centrioles?

A

base of cillia and flagella. cillia and flagella are made up of microtublules that have doublets connected by dynein protein and a central pair. basal body that holds it into the cell, which has triplets instead of doublets and no central pair

112
Q

how do cillia and microvilli differ?

A

cillia- used for movement of substances outside of cell
microvilli- used to increase surface area

113
Q

what are peroxisomes?

A

membranous sacs containing
enzymes that are used to
oxidize and detoxify substances like alcohol

114
Q

what is a genetic code?

A

uses a gene’s DNA sequence to
build a protein with specific protein
RNA builds a cody of DNAs genes to be transported and used to build a protein

115
Q

what is chromatin?

A

made of nucleosomes where histone protein clump together and DNA wraps around them to condense them into chromosomes. a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

116
Q

what is the function of genes?

A

contain instructions that tell your cells what proteins to make

117
Q

what are the two phases of protein synthesis?

A

transcription- DNA to RNA
translation- RNA to amino acids

118
Q

what are triplets/codons, and anticodons?

A

triplets/codon- set of 3 nitrogen/nucleotide bases (A,T,C,G)
anticodon-sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

119
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

takes place in the S phase. when DNA helix uncoils and hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken.Each nucleotide strand of the DNA acts as a template for the construction of a
complementary nucleotide strand. it will now be made up of one old strand and one new strand.

120
Q

what are centromeres?

A

links sister chromatids together and assembles kinetochore.

121
Q

what is a centrosome?

A

organizes microtubules in cell div. composed of two centrioles and a mass of protein for building microtubules.

122
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

condensed version of chromatin. composed of DNA
two sister chromatids
joined at centromere

123
Q

what are chromatids?

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

124
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

series of changes that a cell
undergoes from the time it is formed until it reproduces
2 major periods; interphase and cell division

125
Q

explain interphase. what happens in G1, S phase, and G2?

A

period from cell formation to cell division.
G1- cell is synthesizing proteins and actively growing
S- DNA is replicated
G2- cell getting ready to divide, enzymes and proteins are synthesized and distributed
throughout the cell

126
Q

what is DNA polymerase?

A

attaches to one strand of DNA and joins nucleotides into a new complementary strand

127
Q

explain the leading and lagging strands of DNA

A

leading- moving towards
the replication fork where DNA is “unzipping”
lagging- backwards, towards the
replication fork, so nucleotides can only be added in the opposite direction of unzipping.

128
Q

what is DNA? what is RNA?

A

DNA- double strands, arranged
in a double helix. holds the genetic code
RNA- single strands. translates DNA to proteins

129
Q

what are Daughter chromosomes?

A

single chromosomes that
were previously sister
chromatids but have now
been pulled apart during anaphase

130
Q

what is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus in which replicated DNA is distributed to new daughter cells. makes somatic body cells.
starts w 46 chromosomes, ends w 46 chromosomes
produces two daughter cells

131
Q

what is Cytokinesis?

A

the process of dividing the cytoplasm

132
Q

explain early prophase of mitosis

A

Chromatin condenses, forming visible chromosomes which are held together by centromere.
centrosome synthesizing microtubules (mitotic spindles) push each centrosome to the opposite poles of the cell. the rest of the microtubules are called asters.

133
Q

explain late prophase of mitosis

A

nuclear envelope breaks up. mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores and pull chromosomes to the centre of the cell. asters push poles farther apart

134
Q

explain metaphase of mitosis

A

centromeres align at metaphase plate (centre) by spindle fibres.

135
Q

explain anaphase of mitosis

A

centromeres of chromosomes
split simultaneously, each sister chromatid now becomes a separate chromosome. Chromosomes are pulled toward their respective poles by kinetochores.
this is the shortest phase.

136
Q

explain telophase of mitosis

A

Each set of chromosomes at opp poles uncoil to form chromatin. New nuclear membranes form, nucleoli reappear and spindle fibers disappear.

137
Q

explain Cytokinesis of mitosis

A

begins during late anaphase and
continues through mitosis. A ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow
until the two daughter cells are pinched apart

138
Q

in mitosis, if there are 46 chromosomes, how many chromatid are there?

A

92

139
Q

what is the function meiosis?

A

the production of gametes, introduces genetic variability, and reduces the number of chromosomes

140
Q

what is a diploid cell? haploid?

A

dip- 2n, 46 chrom, most cells
hap- n, 23 chrom, gametes have this so they can combined w someone elses

141
Q

how many cells at the end of meiosis? how many times does DNA replicate?

A

ends with 4 genetically diff daughter cells
DNA replicates only once

142
Q

explain prophase 1

A

starts w diploid cells. synapsis is when homologous replicated
chromosomes pair up forming tetrads consisting of four chromatids.
crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromatids which the place where it happens is called the chiasmata, this makes them all unique.

143
Q

explain metaphase 1

A

tetrads line un at metaphase plate. theres a 50% chance of which way each chromosome will be pulled in either direction.

144
Q

explain anaphase 1

A

each tetrad is pulled apart from 4-2, each chromosome is till made of two sis chromatid

145
Q

explain telophase 1

A

nuclear envelope may or may not reform. some cells may go into interkinesis
there is no DNA replication so cells are haploid

146
Q

explain interkinesis

A

brief rest period between
meiosis I and meiosis II

147
Q

explain prophase 2, metaphase 2, and anaphase 2.

A

both are just like mitosis but the cells start as haploid
p- sis chromatid held by centromere
m- microtubules attach to kinetochore and line chromosomes up at plate
a-Sister chromatids from meiosis I are separated and pulled toward opposite poles resulting in each cell getting one of the daughter chromosomes.

148
Q

what is the end result of meiosis 2?

A

ends with 4 daughter cells that are haploid and all genetically different.

149
Q

define allele, locus, genotype and phenotype.

A

allele- a repersentation of a gene. can be homozygous, AA or aa, or heterozygous, Aa.
locus- a spot on the chromosome where a specific gene can be found.
geno- genes that determine a trait
pheno- physical expression of geneotype

150
Q

what is dominant recessive inheritance?

A

dom- suppresses expresion of recessive allele
rec- only expressed if both letters are lowercase

151
Q

what is co dominance? what is incomplete dominance?

A

co- express both alleles as themselves, would expresses both red and white pigment
in- produces a mixture of the two alleles and would produce pink

152
Q

what are sex linked traits?

A

when a gene mutation is present on a sex chromosome (X) which affects men more than women.

153
Q

what is autosomal dom and rec?

A

dom- in every generation. male and female equally affected
rec- skips generations. male and female equally affected

154
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

pairs of chromosomes, one paternal and one maternal,
which carry the same genes, but do not express the trait in the same way

155
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

counted pairing of
chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell. It can be used detect chromosomal abnormalities

156
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

forms boundaries between things like epidermis or digestive organs. protection, absorption, secretion, sensory reception, filtration, and excretion

157
Q

what is simple squamous epithelia?

A

made of a single layer of cells, easily allows things to pass, and located at sites of filtration like lungs or blood vessels.

158
Q

what is simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

absorbs and secretes, forms the smallest ducts of glands or kidney tubules

159
Q

what is simple columnar epithelia?

A

nucleus at the bottom of cell for protection, and has goblet cells to produce mucus. lines the digestive tract, in the intestines have microvilli.

160
Q

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

cells of varying heights giving the appearance of many layers but only has one. has goblet cells and cillia for movement of mucus, found in trachea

161
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelia?

A

provides protection, external part of the skin and can be keratinized for waterproofing

162
Q

what is stratified cuboidal epithelia?

A

provides durability and secretion, found in ducts of some of the larger glands

163
Q

what is stratified columnar epithelia?

A

found in pharynx, male urethra and gland ducts

164
Q

what is transitional epithelia?

A

forms the lining of the
urinary bladder and is specialized to allow cells to change shape and stretch

165
Q

what are Endocrine glands?

A

secrete hormones by exocytosis directly into the blood or lymph
ductless and made from epithelial tissue
found in the brain, larynx and pancreas

166
Q

what are Exocrine glands?

A

have ducts that directly go somewhere like salivary glands. they secrete products through epithelial surface

167
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

goblet cells found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts.
musin dissolves in water to make mucus

168
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

consist of a duct and
a group of secretory cells. They are surrounded by connective tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers to the gland

169
Q

what are simple glands, tubular glands, and alveolar glands?

A

sim- single duct that secretory cells share and can branch
tub-form long tubes that can be straight or coiled
alv- form sacs

170
Q

what are Compound glands?

A

non-secretory duct cells
branch into multiple groups of secretory cells, either tubular or alveolar shaped or a combo of both

171
Q

Merocrine glands

A

secretory products are released without resulting any damage to the cell. produces sweat, saliva, and pancreatic juice

172
Q

Holocrine glands

A

accumulate products within the
cell and then bursts. produces oils

173
Q

Apocrine glands

A

release their secretions by pintching off top portion of cell cytoplasm. found in mammary glands and how most animals sweat

174
Q

The sodium-potassium pump can generate a cell membrane potential by?

A

actively transporting 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell

175
Q

in mRNA processing, what gets removed?

A

introns. sometimes exons.

176
Q

The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by the enzyme…

A

telomerase

177
Q

complementary strands of DNA are…

A

3-5 (which is backwards of 5-3) and the opposite.
ex: DNA ATTG would be TAAC

a&p (4 decks)

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