Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

semester 2 > A&P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Boyle’s Law relate to pulmonary ventilation?

A

Gasses fill containers
If it is a large volume→ molecules don’t hit each other, so there is low pressure
If small area → molecules will hit wall and each other often = high pressure
P1V1=P2V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens during quiet inspiration?

A

Inspiration → enlarge thoracic cavity
Decreases pressure (less than atmospheric) → air moves in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What Muscles are used in inspiration?

A

-Flattens diarphragm= increase height of the thoracic cavity
-External intercoatals= lift ribs and sternum= greater diameter by a few m
-Decreases pressure by 1mmHg=500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Happens during deep inspiration?

A

-7x= 3500ml
-Mucles:
Accessory muscles →scalenes, …→ scalenes erect spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens during normal expiration?

A

-Muscles engaged in inspiration relax= causes passive recoil
-Decreases thoracic cavity volume→ decreases volume→ increase pressure by 1mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Happens During Forced Exhale?

A

-Oblique and transverse abs–>Force abdominal organs against the diaphragm
-Internal Intercostals–>Depress rib cage further
-Both of these decrease thoracic volume which increases pulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cough

A

-deep breath, close glottis, force air out, open glottis, air rushes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Laugh/cry

A

inspiration and several short expirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sneeze

A

cough through your nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hiccups

A

diaphragm spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Yawn

A

deep inspiration, jaw opens, ventilates alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Airway Resistance

A

-flow= change and pressure over resistance
-Resistance–>medium bronchi
-Flow stops at terminal bronchial b/c diffusion takes over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alveolar Surface Tension

A

-Water molecules are polar, so they are attracted to each other= surface tension
-This attraction by itself would collapse alveoli
-Surfactant= lipid protein detergent →Type 2 alveolar cells→ decrease water cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance in Surfactant

A

-Premature infants born with respiratory distress
-Alveoli/ lungs collapse
-Treatment is artificial surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lung compliance

A

-Healthy lungs are compliant and stretchy more the lungs expand w/ an increase in transpulmonary pressure= more compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance in Lung compliance

A

-Inflammation
-Scarring or decrease surfactant
-Less compliant
-Makes it hard to breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tidal volume

A

-500ml
-amount of air exchanged in normal quiet inhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

-the amount of air that may be inspired after a tidal inspiration
-1,900-3,100 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

-amount of air that may be expired after a tidal respiration
-700-1,200mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Residual volume

A

-the amount of air in the lungs after maximal expiration
-1,100-1,200mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

TV+IRV
Amount of air a person can maximally inspire after tidal volume
2,400-3,600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

-amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration
-ERV+RV
-1,800-2,400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vital capacity

A

-total amount of exchangeable air in and out of the lungs
-3,100-4,800mL
-TV+IRV+ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Total lung capacity

A

-total amount of exchangeable and non exchangeable air in the lungs
-TV+IRV+ERV+RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Total Pressure= sum of partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dalton Law w/ Air

A

Air= 760 mmHg (100%)
-79 % nitrogen=597 mm Hg
-21% Oxygen=159 mm HG
-0.04% CO2=0.3 mmHg
-0.5% H2O=3.7 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Henry’s Law

A

-Gas will dissolve in liquid in portion to partial pressure
-How much also depends on gas solubility and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Example of Henry’s Law with Air

A

-CO2 most soluble
-O2 1/20th as soluble
-N2=Poorly Soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveoli= 300x 10^6
Most of the lung column is alveoli= a lot of surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 Types of Alveoli Cells

A

1.Type 1
2.Type 2
3.Alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

A

Alveolar cells
Flimsy basement membrane
Pulmonary capillary endothelium
Respiratory membrane 0.5 micron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

A

-Make surfactant
-Make surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

-Dust cells= sweep what we don’t want
-Keep things sterile
-Swept up by cilia
-At a rate of 2 million cells an hour we swallow what is swept up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

External respiration

A

-co2 in blood→air
-deoxyhemoglobin(O2=40and CO2=45 and gets swapped) encounters
pulmonary gas exchange and becomes oxyhemoglobin (O2=100 and CO2=40)
-driven by pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Internal respiration

A

-gas exchange that occurs with tissues
-blood has O2=100 and CO2=40 and tissue has O2-40 and CO2=45
-O2 enters and Co2 leaves tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cellular respiration

A

6o2+C6H12O6→6H2O+6CO2+ATP(E) +Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Factors that Influence Gas Exchange

A

1.Partial Pressure and solubility of gas
-O2 gradient larger, but still reaches equilibrium in ¼ a second
-Co2 gradient is small and is 20x more soluble
-Need stable Co2 for blood pH
2.Thickness of respiratory membrane
-Can increase b/c of scaring
3.Ventilation-perfusion coupling
-Match Ventilation to blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
-If O2 is low= pulmonary capillary constriticion which moves blood to respiratory areas where O2 is high
-If O2 is high = dilation
-If Co2 is high =bronchial dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What percent of blood is dissolved and what percent is not?

A

1.5% is dissolved= poorly soluble
98.5% Hb bound= oxyhemoglobin= HbO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe how oxygen binding changes Hb shape and affinity

A

-1 molecule of hemoglobin carries 4 O2 molecules
-First O2 binds to Hb→ Hb changes shape→ greater affinity for O2
-Makes it easier to bind 3 other O2
-4 O2=saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What Decreases Hemoglobin saturation?

A

Greater temp
Lower pH
Greater Co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What increases Hb saturation?

A

-Less temp
-Lower pH
-Lower CO2
-Metabolically active tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Briefly describe the right shift vs left shift of the O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

Right shift in Curve=
-Increase saturation
-Weakens Hb and O2 bond which decresaes affinity
Bohr Effect:
A. Lower pH & increase Co2= more O2 release
B.Exercise= need more O2 for muscles
-Increase blood flow
-O2 is unloading at the muscle
-Decrease Hb affinity(attraction) to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

HI in Oxygen Saturation

A

1.Hypoxia-Inadequate O2 Delivery
2.Cyanosis-Hb saturation is less than 75%
3.Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
-Hb has high affinity for Co2
-After 1 hr of pure O2, but Co levels will only drop by 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

3 ways CO2 is transported

A

1.Plasma
2. Hemoglobin
3. Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How much Co2 is Transported in Plasma

A

20%=pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How much of the body’s Co2 is in hemoglobin and how does it bind to it?

A

-20%–>CO2Hb=carbaminohemoglobin
-Bind to globin not heme but decreases affinity (more O2 released)
-In lungs → O2 “kicks off” Co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How much CO2 is carried by bicarbonate and how is it carried in bicarbonate?

A

-70%
-Steps
1.Co2 enters RBC with water
2. + Carbonic Anyhydrase=H2Co3
-Carbonic acid
-unstable/ dissociates
3. →H + HCO3(bicarbonate)
4.Bicarbonate goes into plasma and chloride shift occurs causing cl-
ions to enter counteracting the trreease of an Ions
4.The H binds to hemoglobin causing the Bohr Effect= release O2 into tissue
and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How is ventilation controlled?

A

1.Control of pH by ventilatory Rate
2.Neural Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how does pH control ventilation?

A

-Co2 increase in blood= slow shallow breaths= decrease pH and more carbonic acid
-Decrease co2 in blood= rapid and deep breathing= increase pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How do Neural Controls Effect Ventilation?

A

High brain centers
1. Hypthalymus: pain and emotion
Cerebral Cortex: voluntary
2. Medulla: Inspiratory Center
Starts and stops inspiration
pacemaker= 12- 16 breath per minute
Sends impulses to the diaphragm via phrenic nerve
Sends impulses to incercoastal muscles via intercostal nerves
3. Pons
Smooths out the breathing rhy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What factors influence Respiratory Rate?

A

1.Chemoreceptors
2.Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do Chemoreceptors influence respiratory rate?

A

-In aortic arch, brain, and muscles
1.Arterial CO2
Increase Co2= lower pH= increase respiration
pCo2>23Hg= hypercapnia
pCO2,37mmHg=Hypocapnia
decreasepCO2= increasepH= decrease Respiration
2.Arterial H+
decreasepH= increase respiratory rate
3.Arterial pO2
Less sensitive
<60mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How do mechanoreceptors influence respiratory rate?

A

-Irritant receptors and stretch
-Increases or decreases respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Respiratory Tracts as an embryo

A

Development is cephalocaudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Respiratory tract 4 weeks into development

A

Olfactory Placodes→Olfactory pits →Nose
Palate–>Cleft lip/ palate occurs at this time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Respiratory Tract at 28 weeks of development

A

Can breath
No surfactant
Breath→ amiontic fluid, vascular shunts bypass lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Respiratory tract at birth

A

Respiratory rate= 60/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Respiratory tract post birth in life

A

-5 years= 25/min
-adult=12/min
Age:
1. Increases respiratory rate, loss or elasticity, nose dry, mucus thicker
2.Decrease in ciliary activity = increase infections
3.Sluggish macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Kidney Location

A

Located behind the the peritoneal cavity →retroperitoneal
Right kidney is lower than the left
Renal fascia and perirenal fat capsule support and hold it in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Kidney Structure

A
  1. Capsul
    -Fibrous
    -Protects and encloses
  2. Cortex
    -Outer layer
    -Collecting ducts and nephrons are located here
  3. Medulla
    -Interior from cortex
    -Contains pyramids
    -Where urine is made
    -Has renal papilla on it’s central end and drains into the minor calyx
    -Minor Calyx drains into major calyx → renal pelvis to
    Ureter→renal bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Kidney Functions

A

-Processes blood
-Goes through entire blood plasma a day
blood= 1,200ml/min →120ml/min filterate=180L/day in filterate, but 99% is
reabsorbed= 1.5 L of urine left over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do nephrons make

A

filterate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Parts of nephron

A

Renal Corpuscle has glomerulus
→proximal convoluted tubule→nephron loop→distal convoluted tubule→
nephron collecting duct

64
Q

2 Types of Nephrones

A

Cortical
Juxtamedullary

65
Q

juxtaglomerular complex structure

A

Blood comes in through the afferent arterial
Blood exists through the efferent arteriole
b/w the arterioles there and ascending limb of nephron connected by macula densa
Granular cells are on the outside of arterioles

66
Q

What does the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular complex do?

A

Monitor sodium concentration
Chemoreceptors

67
Q

What is occurring if the filtrate has a high sodium chloride content?

A

-Filtrate is being made to fast
-macula Densa Releases chemicals to constrict afferent arteriole

68
Q

What is occurring if the filtrate has a drop in sodium chloride content?

A

Filtrate is being made to slow
Dilate arterioles and stimulate granular cells

69
Q

What do the Granular Cells of the juxtaglomerular complex do?

A

-Mechanoreceptors
-SM muscle cells contain granules filled w/ renin
-Function as type of baroreceptor and regulate BP

70
Q

What happens with granular cells if there is a drop in BP?

A

-Slows flow
-These cells release Renin→ increases BP
-BP can increase this with increased SNS causing renin release

71
Q

Main Steps of Urine Formation

A

1.Glomerular Filtration
2.Tubular Reabsorption
3.Tubular Secretion

72
Q

What does glomerular filtration do and where is it located?

A

-In renal corpuscle
- Ensures filtrate is with out cells or protein with it’s filtration membrane

73
Q

What are the components of the filtration membrane and their functions?

A
  1. Fenesterated epithelium
    - Stop large cells from entering filtrate
  2. Basement membrane
    -Restrict proteins, negatively charged repels proteins
    3.Foot process of podocytes
    -Filtration slits that further block protein
74
Q

What is in filtrate and capillaries?

A

-Filter H2O, glucose, amino acids, urea, salts
-leave in capillary: proteins (COP), WBC, RBC

75
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure effect filtration in glomerular filtration?

A

-pushes blood through the filteration membrane to make filterate
-Pushes out water and solutes
-blood=55mmHg
-Capsule hydrostatic pressure=15mmHg

76
Q

How does Colloid Osmotic Pressure effect filtration in glomerular filtration?

A

-Protein in blood sucks fluid out of capsule
-blood = 30mmHg

77
Q

What is the net filtration pressure in glomerular filtration?

A

55-(30+15)=10mmHg out

78
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

-Reclaim what body wants to keep
Ex. glucose, water, amino acids, ect.
-What is left makes urine→ unneeded substances (excess salt, excess water, waste)

79
Q

How do lipid molecules move in the proximal convoluted tubule in tubular reabsorption?

A

Diffuses through the membrane → urea
Makes it hard to excrete lipid soluble drugs and pollutants

80
Q

How do sodium molecules move in the proximal convoluted tubule in tubular reabsorption?

A

-Actively pumped out of tubules through cells via sodium potassium atpase pump
-Diffuses into capillaries
-Makes and osmotic gradient →H2O follow through aquaporins
-Creates an electrochemical gradient
-Sodium and HCO3 follow passively

81
Q

How does carriers of glucose and amino acids move in the proximal convoluted tubule in tubular reabsorption?

A

-Use energy of concentration gradient
(secondary active transport)
-Max→excess into urine
1. T Max of glucose= 375 mg/min
2. Plasma glucose>190 mg/dl→ “spill

82
Q

What happens after absorption in proximal convoluted tubule?

A

-65% of Nacl and water
-Nearly all K+
-All glucose and amino acids
-Things left now lack carrier proteins and are lipid soluble

83
Q

What occurs in the nephron

A
  1. Descending limb
    -Water leaves and is reabsorbed
  2. Ascending
    -Sodium pumped out and reabsorbed
    -No aquaporins
84
Q

What do distal convoluted tubules do in tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. Principal cells-
    -Few microvilli
    -Deal w/ NaCl
    2.Intercalated Discs-
    -Many microvilli
    -Deal w/ acids and bases

-Have 10% NaCl and 25% water left
-Urine adjusts to body’s needs using hormones

85
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Released by posterior pituitary
Inserts aquaporins into principal cells
Releases if serum osmotic pressure osm >300 mOSM

86
Q

Aldosterone

A

-Formed in adrenal cortex
-Decrease blood volume or increase potassium→release ADH→ Angiotension 2→Aldosterone
-Make more sodium/ potassium pumped into principal cells into distal convoluted tubule and and CD
-Keeps Na in the body, potassium in filtrate, water follows sodium

87
Q

Atrial Naturetic peptide (ANP)

A

-Atrial cardiomyocytes release= increase BP and B. Vol which decreases renin=
-Decrease aldesterone= decrease= excrete excess NaCl and H2O

88
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Reabsorbs calcium in DCT

89
Q

steps of urine formation

A

1.glomerular filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

90
Q

Tubular Secretion: Where does this take place? What is secreted into the filtrate?

A

-Fine tune body’s chemical balance
-Selected waste added
-PCT and some DCt and CD
-Disposes of unwanted things not already in filterate
-Organic acid and base pump
-Ammonia, catecholamines, bile salts
-Sulfuric and phosphoric acid, uric acid
-Eliminate undesirable things that were reabsorb= uric acid and urea
-Rids body of excess K
-Controls blood pH
-Decrease pH=excess H, retains HCO3
-Increase in pH= retain cl instead of HCO3

91
Q

Explain how hydration and dehydration regulate urine volume and concentration

A

When dehydrated= increase urine concentration
When hydrated= increase urine dilution

92
Q

Define osmolality

A

-Osm
-1 mole of paticles/1kg H20=milliosmoles=0.001 Osm

93
Q

What happens in the nephron loop?

A

-Thin simple squamous epithelium, variable permeability
-Allows hypotonic filterate to form
-Descending
-Has aquaporins so is permeable to water not NaCl
-Water moves out osmotalitly and sodium chloride stays
-Concentration is 300- 1200 mOSM
-Ascending
-Pumps Nacl pumps out Nacl out, water is blocked
-Creates osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid of the medulla

94
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule Sodium and Water %

A

Have 10% NaCl and 25% water left
Urine adjusts to body’s needs using hormones

95
Q

Cells of the distal convoluted tubule and what they do

A

1.Principal cells-
-Few microvilli
-Deal w/ NaCl
2.Intercalated Discs-
-Many microvilli
-Deal w/ acids and bases

96
Q

What hormones affect reabsorption?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial Naturetic peptide (ANP)
Parathyroid Hormone

97
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

-Released by posterior pituitary
-Inserts aquaporins into principal cells
-Releases if serum osmotic pressure osm >300 mOSM

98
Q

Aldosterone

A

-Formed in adrenal cortex
-Decrease blood volume or increase potassium →release ADH→ Angiotension 2→ Aldosterone
-Make more sodium/ potassium pumped into principal cells into distal convoluted tubule and CD
Keeps Na in the body, potassium in filtrate, water follows sodium

99
Q

Atrial Naturetic peptide (ANP)

A

-Atrial cardiomyocytes
-release= increase BP and B. Vol which decreases renin=Decrease aldesterone= decrease= excrete excess NaCl and H2O

100
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Reabsorbs calcium in DCT

101
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

-Fine tune body’s chemical balance
-Selected waste added
-PCT and some DCt and CD
-Disposes of unwanted things not already in filterate
-Organic acid and base pump
-Ammonia, catecholamines, bile salts
Sulfuric and phosphoric acid, uric acid
-Eliminate undesirable things that were reabsorb= uric acid and urea
-Rids body of excess K
-Controls blood pH
-Decrease pH=excess H, retains HCO3
-Increase in pH= retain cl instead of HCO3

102
Q

Define osmolality

A

Saltiness of the medulla
1 mole of paticles/1kg H20=milliosmoles=0.001 Osm

103
Q

What happens in the nephron loop?

A

-Thin simple squamous epithelium, variable permeability
-Allows hypotonic filterate to form

104
Q

What occurs in the descending nephron loop?

A

-Has aquaporins so is permeable to water not NaCl
-Water moves out b/c of the external osmolality and sodium chloride stays
-Concentration is 300 at start and 1200 mOSM at bottom o f the loop

105
Q

How is micturition controlled?

A
  1. Blader fills 200mL
    -Stretch receptors–>PSNS tells brain –> I need to pee
    -Spinal reflex → detrusor m. contract internal
    urethra sphincter relaxes
    2.If Brain says Hold, Bladder relaxes and waits for next 200mL
    3.Void
    -Pons increases PSNS
    -Relaxes urethral sphincter
    -At 600ml= you will go
    4.Residual Volume= 10ml
106
Q

Incontinence

A

-Stress on pelvic floor (stretches) from:
Overfilled bladder
Childbirth
Surgery
Urinary retention (after anesthesia)
Enlarged prostate

107
Q

Newborn to 18mths Micturition

A

New=Can’t concentrate urine= void 5-40 times/day
1-2mths= 400mL per day
15months= know void
18 months=
-Hold urine x2 hours
-Control of external uretheral sphincter

108
Q

4 year old micturition

A

night lack of control

109
Q

Adult Micturition

A

Void 1500mL per day

110
Q

Micturition as we age

A

Decrease in kidney function b/c decrease in nephron #
Drop by 50% at age 80
Drop of bladder capacity by 50% at 80
Incontinence and nocturia

111
Q

what occurs in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

A

1.Pumps Nacl pumps out Nacl and 2Cl out, water is blocked
-NaCL =cotransport
2. K is pumped out
-Creates positive charge on membrane
-Mg and Chloride both positive ions leach out of membrane in places where the positive potassium is not present=Paracellular transport

112
Q

What does the medullary gradient need to be

A

-salty
-can be wiped out if really overhydrated

113
Q

Overhydration Causes what?

A

1.Decrease of osmollality of extracellular fluids
2.Decreases ADH from posterior pituitary
3.Decreases the number of aquaporins in collecting duct
4.Decreases water reabsorption from the collecting duct
5.Creates a large volume of diffuse urine

114
Q

What does Dehydration do?

A

Increases osmolality in extracellular fluid
Increases ADH release from posterior pituitary
Increases number of aquaporins
Increase H2O reabsorption
Makes small volume of concentrated urine

115
Q

What % of pee is solute?

A

95% water/ 5% solutes

116
Q

What causes different colors of urine?

A

yellow= urochrome from breakdown of hemoglobin
pink/brown= beets and stuff
cloudy= infection

117
Q

What causes urine odor?

A

Odor= bacteria breakdown of bacteria

118
Q

Urine pH

A

pH 4.5-8

119
Q

t causes a fruity urine odor?

A

fruity=diabetes

120
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

-Ratio of density of urine to distilled water
-Increases with increased solute

121
Q

What is the specific gravity of water and urine?

A

Water= 1
urine=1.001-1.035

122
Q

3 Types of Kidneys that form as embryos

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

123
Q

Pronephros

A

4-6wks
Form degenerate
Pronephric duct stay

124
Q

Mesonephros

A

2nd-3rd month
Pronephric duct → mesonephric duct
Male= ductus deferens
Female= disappears
Function until final kidney development
Amniotic fluid= urine produced starting 3 months

125
Q

Metanephros

A

Wk 5
Uretic bud from endoderm
Makes ureter, renal pelvis, and collecting ducts
Metanephric bud b/cms nephrons
Kidneys ascend to final position

126
Q

HI in Kidney development

A

-horseshoe kidney
-can live fine with it

127
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

aka Steroids
Made from cholesterol
Made by gonads and adrenal
Can go through the pa=lasma membrane
Made to order
Long-half life in blood (days)
Need to be metabolized by the liver

128
Q

Water Soluble Hormones

A

-Amino acid Based
Can’t cross plasma membrane
Can be stored in gland
Most hormones
Aka proteinaceous
Bits of peptide or protein
Modified amino acids→ thyroid, epinephrine, or norepinephrine
Short half life in blood (mins)–> removed by the kidneys

129
Q

How do hormones act?

A

-Hormones effect cells w/ specific receptor= target cells
-Effect is to increase or decrease activity of cells

130
Q

What do hormones effect one attached to receptor?

A

1.alter plasma membrane permeability by opening/ closing ion channels
2. Stimulate synthesis of enzyme and protein
3.Activate or deactivate enzyme
4.Induce secretion of exocrine or endocrine glands
5. Stimulate mitosis

131
Q

How do Proteinaceous hormones bind to receptors?

A

-Water soluble
-Do not need a carrier
-Bind to plasma membrane receptors= G protein coupled receptors which activate 2nd messenger (cAMP)–>trigger a preprogrammed response in cell

132
Q

How do Lipid Soluble hormones bind to receptors?

A

Need a carrier in blood
Bind to intracellular receptor
Directly activate genes

133
Q

Hormones are a negative or positive feedback loop?

A

negative

134
Q

3 stimuli that control the release of hormones

A
  1. Humoral Stimulation
    -Ions= K and Ca
    -Nutrients= Glucose, amino acide
    2.Neural Stimulation
    -SNS→ adrenal medulla→epi and norepinephrine
    3.Hormonal Stimulation
    -Tropic hormones cause hormone release
    -Glands may respond to mmore than 1 hormone
135
Q

Permissiveness with hormones

A

A Must be there for B to have effect

136
Q

Synergism with Hormones

A

-A has effect
-B has effect
-A+B increases effects

137
Q

Antagonism with Hormones

A

A opposes the effects of B

138
Q

The medullary osmotic gradient is determined by the permeability properties of the what?

A

nephron loop

139
Q

Renin is released by granular cells in the afferent arterioles when what occurs?

A

macula densa cells detect low NaCl levels

140
Q

Where in the nephron loop does a filtrate become hypotonic?

A

ascending limb

141
Q

Oxygen moving into the tissue and CO2 moving into the blood from the tissues is caused by what?

A

diffusion

142
Q

The part of the nephron that makes a filtrate hypertonic?

A

descending limb

143
Q

What does the macula densa do if it senses to much NaCl in the filtrate in the ascending limb of the nephron loop

A

constrict afferent arterioles

144
Q

What is when oxygen moves into blood and CO2 moves out?

A

External respiration

145
Q

What occurs with the glomerulus during dramatic blood loss?

A

filtration rate will go down

146
Q

WHat kind of blood pressure is regulated by the kidneys?

A

-long term

147
Q

What is always negative to prevent lung collapse?

A

Interpleural Pressure

148
Q

When oxygen binds to Hb, how does shape change?

A

changes to increase affinity to oxygen until Hb is all filled up

149
Q

what is the most important factor in respiratory rate?

A

pCO2

150
Q

What is the least important factor in air flow?

A

resistance

151
Q

after sodium is reabsorbed it creates what 2 gradients?

A

-active as water follows salt
-passive as anions follow passively

152
Q

What keeps the trachea from collapsing

A

1.Catilaginous rings
2.Trachealis muscle

153
Q

Intrapleural pressure is typically what?

A

-negative

154
Q

Oxygen and CO2 are exchanged in the lungs via what?

A

diffusion

155
Q

What pressure works to collapse the lungs?

A

-surface tension of the alveolar fluid

156
Q

Types of pressure in the renal corpuscle

A

Hydrostic and colloid

157
Q

How to calculate net filtration?

A

H-C=NF

semester 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions