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A&P Ch1 > A&P Ch2 > Flashcards

A&P Ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Has mass

takes up space

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2
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of stable matter matter

26 elements in human body

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3
Q

Human body composed of

A

96% carbon, oxygen, hydrogen & nitrogen

  1. 8% calcium, phosphorous, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, iron & iodine
  2. 2% trace minerals
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4
Q

Atomic particles

A

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

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5
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged nuclear particles

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6
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral nuclear particles

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7
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles that travel in orbit/cloud around nucleus

mass of an electron is insignificantly small.

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8
Q

Neutral charge of atoms

A

Equal number of positive protons and negative electrons

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9
Q

Ions

A

Charged atom which has either given up or gained an electron

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10
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion that has gained an electrons to fill valence shell

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11
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion that has relinquished electrons to have a filled valence

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12
Q

Atomic weight

A

The mass of atoms is equivalent to mass of protons & neutrons of electrons (1 dalton each)

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

number or protons (and therefore also the number of electrons)

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14
Q

Chemical properties

A

Based on outer layer (valence) of electrons

  • inert gases have a filled outer shell of electrons so do not react with other atoms
  • free radicals loss one paired electron and become a highly reactive charged ion
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15
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with same chemical properties but different mass

due to number of neutrons

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16
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Have unstable nuclei which emit subatomic particles and decay

*Half life refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay

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17
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Ionic

Covalent

Hydrogen

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

From electrical attraction between an anion abdication

Ex.salts

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19
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing of one or more valence electrons to satisfy the filled valence rule

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20
Q

Polar covalent

A

unequal sharing of electrons produces small negative and positive charges

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21
Q

Non-polar covalent

A

Equal sharing of electrons so no small charges of the molecule

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22
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weakest bond it is between small charges from polar covalent bonds

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23
Q

Chemical reactions

A 
Anabolism 
Catabolism 
Metabolism 
Energy 
Catalysts
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24
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis reactions to form larger molecules (dehydration synthesis in the body)

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25
Q

Catabolism

A

Decomposition reactions to break bonds to smaller units (hydrolysis)

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body

27
Q

Energy

A

Cannot be created or destroyed required to carry out reactions of the body

28
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

is energy released during catabolism

29
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds with anabolism

30
Q

Catalysts (enzymes)

A

Lowers activation energy of reaction

not changed by reaction

31
Q

Mixture

A

Physical blending of elements or compounds without bonds

Solution
Colloid
Suspension

32
Q

Solution

A

One element/compound (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

33
Q

Colloid

A

Solute particles are so large that the solvent is opaque (protein in milk)

34
Q

Suspension

A

Solute particles are too large to dissolve but are suspended in solvent (blood)

35
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Generally lack a carbon/hydrogen skeleton

Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

36
Q

Water

A

2/3 of body weight and has the following properties used by the body

Solubility- polar covalent serves as perfect solvent for organic and inorganic molecules

Reactivity- participates in anabolic dehydration synthesis and catabolic hydrolysis

High heat capacity- absorbs and retains heat while remaining a liquid (thermal inertia)

Lubrication- little friction between water and molecules

37
Q

Oxygen

A

Atmospheric gas required for metabolic reactions (creation of ATP)

38
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Biproduct of cell metabolism

39
Q

Inorganic acids, bases & salts

A

Typically held together by ionic bonds

Acids dissociate in solution to release H+

Base dissociate in solution to release OH-

PH???????

Buffers salts of weak acids or bases which serve to neutralize solutions

40
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

41
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1 carbon/H2O molecule important for energy production from catabolism

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Hyrophilic

42
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar molecule (glucose)

43
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar molecules (maltose)

44
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Large organic polymer of sugar molecules (mainly glycogen in animals)

45
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Mainly formed with polar covalent bonds so dissolve in water

46
Q

Lipids

A

Major components of cell membranes and used as very effective energy reserve

Hydrophobic 
Fatty acids 
Triglycerides 
Steroids 
Phospholipids 
Glycolipids 
Eicosinoids
47
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Mainly C-H non polar bonds so does not dissolve in water

48
Q

Fatty acids

A

Serve as component of fats

Saturated fatty acid-have one single covalent bond

Unsaturated fatty acid-have one or more double covalent bond

49
Q

Triglycerides

A

Main storage of fats with ester bonds of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Energy source- Triglycerides produce 2x ATP/gm oh TG compared to carbohydrates and protein

Insulation- Triglycerides help prevent heat loss through skin

Protection- provide cushioning for delicate organs

50
Q

Steroids

A

Large hydrophobic lipid molecules formed from ring structure with sue chains

Cell membrane- integral role in stabilizing cell membranes

Steroid hormone- role in tissue metabolism, organism reproduction and development

Steroid derivatives- bile salts participates in the digestion of lipids

51
Q

Phospholipids

A

Main component of cell membranes with amphipathic properties

52
Q

Glycolipids

A

On outside of membranes only and serves as major histocompatibilty complex (MHC)

53
Q

Eicosinoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid and is a substance for prostaglandins formations

54
Q

Proteins

A

Formed from C,O,H,N sometimes S and it’s function is shape dependent

Peptides 
Polypeptides 
Protein shape 
Fibrous protein 
Globular protein
55
Q

Peptides

A

Consists of peptide bonds between a few amino acids

56
Q

Polypeptides

A

Several peptide bonds between many amino acids

57
Q

Protein shape

A

Based on the folding of peptide bonds between polypeptide chain(s)

Primary protein- from amino acid sequence

Secondary protein- from hydrogen bonds of side groups of amino acids in chain

    * Alpha-Helix 
    * Pleated sheet

Tertiary protein- complex coiling or folding due to covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds

Quaternary protein- interaction from a few polypeptides making one protein

58
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Arranged in strands for support and movement

59
Q

Globular protein

A

Compact and rounded to serve as carriers or enzymes

60
Q

Protein functions

A

Support- microfilaments and collagen
Movement- contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
Transport- carry hydrophobic substances in blood
Buffering- buffer PH
Metabolic Regulation- serves as enzymes
Coordination and control- peptide/protein hormones
Defense- waterproofing and antibiotics

61
Q

Nuclei Acids

A

Consists of nucleotides with C,O,H,N,P

62
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material which are polymers of nucleotides in a double helix

Consists of:
Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)

Phosphate group- forms covalent bond with deoxyribose sugar as a backbone of helix

Nitrogenous base- forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous basis from other helix

Adenine pairs with Thymine AT TA
Cytosine pairs with Guanine CG GC

63
Q

RNA

A

Polymers of nucleotides arranged in a single helix stand

Consists of:
Ribose (5 carbon sugar)

Phosphate group- forms covalent bond with ribose sugar as backbone of helix

Nitrogenous base- 3 consecutive nitrogenous bases serves as a codon for protein synthesis

Adenine matches DNA Thymine during RNA synthesis
Cytosine matches DNA Guanine during RNA synthesis
Uracil matches DNA Adenine during RNA synthesis

AU UA
GC CG

64
Q

ATP

A

High energy nucleotide of adenosine and high energy phosphate bonds

A&P Ch1 (5 decks)

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