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biology 160 A&P > A&P Ch 4 > Flashcards

A&P Ch 4 Flashcards

genetics & cellular function

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1
Q

nucleic acid structure

A

nitrogenous base (AGCUT), sugar (DNA=deoxyribose, RNA=ribose), phophate

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2
Q

nitrogenous base

A

purines=AG, pyrimidines=CUT

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3
Q

purines

A

A=adenine, G=guanine

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4
Q

pyrimidines

A

C=cytodine, U=uracil, T=thymin

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5
Q

dna structure

A

double stranded, twisted ladder, backbone is formed of sugar and phosphate, complementary base pairing A-T, C-G. held together with hydrogen bond

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6
Q

dna function

A

dna-rna-protein, dna holds the instructions, proteins build the organism

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7
Q

chromatin

A

dna+histones coiled together into nucleosomes and looped. to prepare for division, the chromatin loops again (condenses)

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8
Q

rna structure and function

A

mrna-> protein. single stranded. mrna, rrna, trna

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9
Q

mrna

A

only lasts a couple hours, carries messages from dna to ribosomes

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10
Q

rrna

A

makes up ribosome along with proteins

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11
Q

trna

A

carries amino acids to ribosome to make protein

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12
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity contained on a chromosome. sequence of dna that can be transcribed to rna and usually translated to a protein

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13
Q

human genome

A

all the dna sequences in one set of chromosomes. 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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14
Q

genetic code

A

the 4 dna nucleotides are arranged in groups of 3=base triplet. base triplet -> codon (mrna) via transcription. codon->amino acid(protein) via translation. 64 possible codons. 60 code for 20 amino acids, 3 code for stop and 1 codes for start

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15
Q

transcription

A

dna->pre-rna. rna polymerase. pre-rna->mrna. happens in nucleus

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16
Q

translation

A

mrna->protein. ribosomes. happens in the ribosome. trna brings one amino acid at a time to growing polypeptide. polyribosomes speed the process.

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17
Q

gene regulation

A

any one cell only uses a fraction of the genome. any one part of the genome may only be used at particular times

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18
Q

dna replication

A

photocopying instruction book. cell replicates dna for growth, repair and maintenance. epithelial cells divide most. dna unwinds from histones, helicase opens helix, polymerase makes complementary strand, dna is rewound into chromatin

19
Q

cell cycle

A

g1, s, g2, m, cytokinesis, g0

20
Q

g1

A

first gap, growth and normal metabolic roles

21
Q

s

A

synthesis, dna replication, organelles double

22
Q

g2

A

2nd gap, growth and prep for mitosis

23
Q

m

A

division of dna

24
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of everything else

25
Q

g0

A

cells leave cell cycle

26
Q

mitosis

A

growth of the embryo and individual. replacement of cells. repair of injured tissue

27
Q

mitosis terminology

A

chromosome->2 sister chromatids, centromere, mitotic spindle, kinetochore, centriole, cytokinesis

28
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

29
Q

prophase

A

nuclear membrane disintegrates, assemble mitotic spindle, chromosomes condense

30
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids align in the middle

31
Q

anaphase

A

separating

32
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes condense, reassemble mitotic spindle, nuclear membrane reappears

33
Q

karyotype

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes=22 pair of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

34
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

one pair of chromosomes, 1 maternal, 1 paternal, each member of the pair has the same genes, but may have different forms of the gene->different alleles.

35
Q

homozygous

A

same allele

36
Q

heterozygous

A

different allele

37
Q

phenotype

A

observable expression of a genotype

38
Q

punnet square

A

allows analysis of genetic make-up of offspring

39
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles of one gene are present in the gene pool

40
Q

codominance

A

expression of both alleles is observed in the phenotype

41
Q

incomplete dominance

A

phenotype is intermediate between 2 different alleles

42
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

many genes contribute to 1 phenotype

43
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene contributes to many phenotypes

44
Q

sex linked traits

A

carried on the x chromosome. males are affected more than females. only mothers can pass these on to their sons.

biology 160 A&P (8 decks)

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