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biology 160 A&P > A&P Ch 2 > Flashcards

A&P Ch 2 Flashcards

the chemistry of life

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1
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties ex. Na+, H, O, K

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2
Q

major elements

A

CHNOPS 98%

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3
Q

CHNOPS

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

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4
Q

lesser and trace elements

A

Fe, Si, As, Mg2+, Cu2+

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5
Q

minerals

A

make up 4% of the body. Ca & P are most abundant, present in bones in the body. minerals originate primarily in soil and plants. function as coenzymes

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6
Q

atom

A

smallest unit that retains the properties of an element. composed of 3 subatomic particles

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7
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge, heavy

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8
Q

protons

A

positive charge, heavy = # of electrons

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9
Q

atomic number

A

name of element

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10
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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11
Q

atomic weight

A

average of atomic mass of all forms of an element

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12
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of all atomic weights

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13
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, very light, form a cloud around the nucleus

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14
Q

distribution of electrons

A

in a specific energy shell/level. 1st shell hold 2, remaining shells hold 8.

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15
Q

bohr models

A

represent electron distribution

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16
Q

valence electrons

A

the electrons in the outer most shell, the number of valence electrons dictates the reactivity of an element, atoms are most stable when the valence shell is full, 2 in the first and 8 in the second. will react with other atoms to fill their outermost shell

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17
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of one elemnt that vary in the number of neutrons present

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18
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes, nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and high energy

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19
Q

ionizing radiation

A

energy that ejects electrons from atoms. creates ions that are carcinogenic. damages molecules. ex. UVrays, Xrays

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20
Q

ions

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. can be a single atom or a group of atoms

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21
Q

cation

A

positive charge

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22
Q

anion

A

negative charge

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23
Q

electrolytes

A

ionize in h2o (acids, bases, salts), form solutions capable of conducting electricity. they conducts electrical currents from organs to skins surface. if they are imbalanced that can cause muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, cardiac arrest

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24
Q

free radicals

A

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. they come by some normal metabolic reactions of the body, radiation, chemicals. they can cause cancer, myocardial infarction (death of heart tissue)

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25
Q

atioxidant

A

a chemical that neutralizes free radicals. some examples are selenium, vitamin e, vitamin c, cartenoids

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26
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined by a covalent bond

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27
Q

compound

A

molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

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28
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of the atomic weights of all atoms

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29
Q

chemical bonds within molecules

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent

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30
Q

ionic bond

A

attraction of a cation to an anion. not very strong. ex. Na+Cl-

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31
Q

covalent bond

A

2 atoms share electrons. very strong, solid, straight line. ex. C-C, O=O, C-H

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32
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons. ex. O=O, C-C, C-H

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33
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons. ex. H-O-H

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34
Q

chemical bonds between molecules

A

hydrogen bond, van der waals forces

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35
Q

hydrogen bond

A

form between a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom and an electronegative atom of another molecule. ex. … = hydrogen bond

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36
Q

van der waals forces

A

interactions between electrons of one molecule and nucleus of another. holds DNA nucleotides together, holds lizards to ceilings

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37
Q

mixture

A

physically mixed, but not chemically combined

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38
Q

water

A

H & O within a water molecule are bond together with polar, covalent bonds. H is bound to O from another molecule by hydrogen bonds

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39
Q

properties of water

A

solvency, adhesion, cohesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability

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40
Q

solvency

A

many compounds dissolve in water. essential for transport of molecules throughout the body

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41
Q

hydrophillic

A

compounds dissolve in water

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42
Q

hydrophobic

A

compounds are not soluble in water

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43
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to other molecules. sticks to something else. lubricates organ surfaces

44
Q

cohesion

A

water bound to water molecules. water forms even coating over surfaces. creates surface tension. sticks to itself

45
Q

chemical reactivity

A

water ionizes readily to H+ and OH- which participate in many biochemical reactions

46
Q

thermal stability

A

water has a very high heat capacity. much energy is needed to heat water

47
Q

solution

A

solute+solvent. clear with small particles. ex. beer, juice

48
Q

colloid

A

large particles, but stay mixed in the solvent. ex. milk

49
Q

suspension

A

largest particles, which settle out with time. ex. pulpy orange juice

50
Q

emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another. ex.oil & vinegar.

51
Q

weight/volume

A

ex. IV saline is 8.5g NaCl/L. common units = mg/dL. (1dL=100mL)

52
Q

percentages

A

ex. 5g dextrose in 100mL = 5% w/v

53
Q

molarity

A

1 molar solution is 1 mole of a molecule/L. 1 mole = 6.023 x 10p23 molecules

54
Q

electrolyte concentrations

A

one equivalent (Eq) neutralizes 1 mole of H+ or OH-

55
Q

acids

A

proton donor. ex. H2CO3(carbonic acid). NH4(ammonium). HCl-(hydrochloric acid)

56
Q

base

A

proton acceptor. ex. HCO3-(bicarbonate), NH3(ammonia). Cl-(chloride)

57
Q

pH

A

measure of the H+ in a solution. normal pH for a human is 7.4

58
Q

buffer

A

resist changes in pH

59
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

60
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

61
Q

decomposition

A

catabolic. AB->A+B. large molecule broken into two or more smaller ones.

62
Q

synthesis reaction

A

anabolic. A+B->AB. two or more molecules joined to make on big one.

63
Q

exchange reaction

A

rearrangement of atoms

64
Q

reversible reactions

A

go in either direction depending on the relative abundance of reactants. most biochemical reactions are reversible.

65
Q

reaction rates

A

depend on temp, pH, salinity, presence of enzymes(catalyst)

66
Q

backbone of organic compounds

A

C & H

67
Q

functional groups

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

68
Q

hydroxyl

A

OH-. carbohydrate

69
Q

carboxyl

A

-C=O. carbohydrates, amino acids, protein

70
Q

amino

A

-N+H3. amino acids, protein

71
Q

phosphate

A

-PO43-. nucleotides (nucleic acids), ATP.

72
Q

monomer

A

2monomers->polymer+H2O via dehydration synthesis

73
Q

polymer

A

polymer+H2O->2 monomers via. hydrolysis

74
Q

hydrolysis

A

gain water

75
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

loose water

76
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides. polysaccharides

77
Q

monosaccharide

A

glucose, fructose. ex. fruit, processed foods, blood sugar

78
Q

disaccharide

A

maltose, sucrose. ex. table sugar, lactose.

79
Q

polysaccharide

A

cellulose, chitin. glycogen, . source of energy, stored in liver.

80
Q

proteoglycans

A

large carbs with pieces of protein attached

81
Q

lipids

A

don’t dissolve in water. hydrophobic

82
Q

fatty acids

A

long chains of 12-24 CH. can be saturated or unsaturated. causes heart disease

83
Q

saturated

A

lots of hydrogen bonds

84
Q

unsaturated

A

hydrogen can be added

85
Q

monounsaturated

A

best heart health. cant make in body

86
Q

cis

A

same side

87
Q

trans

A

across

88
Q

triglycerides

A

major fat in diet, strored as triglycerides. glycerol + 3 fatty acids. long term energy, insulation, hormones

89
Q

phospholipids

A

like a triglyceride, with one fatty acid replaced by a hydrophilic phosphate group. has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

90
Q

amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

91
Q

eicosanoids

A

modified fatty acid. hormone like cell signaling, vasodilation, vasoconstriction.

92
Q

steroid

A

hydrophobic. cholesterol is parent molecule. has 4 rings of C. sex hormones, bile acids. soap that dissolves fat

93
Q

protein

A

mononmer is amino acid. amino acids join peptide bonds. all have same basic structure with different r groups.

94
Q

primary

A

linear sequence of amino acids. covalent bonds, peptide bonds.

95
Q

secondary

A

hydrogen bonding along the protein backbone. double helix.

96
Q

tertiary

A

interaction of the r groups. coiled

97
Q

quarternary

A

interaction of 2 polypeptide chains. tetramere. correct shape is essential for function

98
Q

enzyme

A

catalyze most chemical reactions in the body

99
Q

cofactor

A

inorganic element necessary to enzyme function

100
Q

coenzyme

A

organic compound required by some enzymes

101
Q

vitamin c

A

required for collagen symthesis

102
Q

folic acid

A

required to make hemoglobin and for development of the spinal cord

103
Q

niacin

A

make NADH which acts in cellular respiration

104
Q

riboflavin

A

make FMN and FAD which acts in cellular respiration

105
Q

ATP

A

most important energy molecule.

biology 160 A&P (8 decks)

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