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Cardiovascular > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the mediastinum

A

Heart, great vessels (aorta, pulmonary arteries, venue cava, pulmonary veins), esophagus, trachea, mainstream bronchi, thymus, lymph nodes, phrenic and vagus nerves

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2
Q

The heart extends vertically from what rib to what rib?

A

2nd to the 6th

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3
Q

Tough, inelastic fibrous sac covering the heart; comprised of the visceral and parietal layers

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

What two layers make up the pericardium?

A

Viscera and the parietal

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5
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium called?

A

Parietal

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6
Q

What is the name of the layer of the pericardium that hugs the surface of the heart?

A

Visceral

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7
Q

How many cc’s of pericardial fluid lie between the visceral and parietal layers?

A

15-50

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8
Q

What are the four main functions of the pericardium?

A

1) reduce friction
2) anchors the heart within the chest
3) protective barrier to infection and malignancy
4) helps minimize acute over-expansion of the heart

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9
Q

Property of the heart that allows it to beat as a single unit; organized contraction

A

Syncytium

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10
Q

In a fetus, what is the name of the conduit between right and left atrium to allow blood to bypass the lungs?

A

Foramen ovale

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11
Q

What is the name of the Foramen ovale once it shuts?

A

Fossa ovalis

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12
Q

Receives blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava

A

Right atrium

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13
Q

Receives blood from the myocardium via the coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

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14
Q

Receives blood from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

What separates the ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

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16
Q

Which chamber I. The heart receives blood from the right atrium

A

Right ventricle

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17
Q

Which chamber in the heart pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries?

A

Right ventricle

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18
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the body via the aorta?

A

Left ventricle

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20
Q

What structure externally separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus

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21
Q

What houses the circumflex artery and the coronary sinus?

A

Coronary sulcus

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22
Q

Where do the AV sulcus (coronary sulcus) and the IV sulcus meet?

A

Crux

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23
Q

What structure externally separates the RT and LT ventricles?

A

Interventricular sulcus

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24
Q

Where are the LT anterior descending coronary artery, posterior descending coronary artery, and great cardiac vein housed?

A

Interventricular sulcus

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25
Q

What prevents the prolapse of the atrioventricular valves?

A

The papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae

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26
Q

Which valve is located between the RT atrium and RT ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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27
Q

Which valve is located between the LT atrium and LT ventricle?

A

Mitral valve/bicuspid valve

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28
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to close to prevent backflow into the ventricles?

A

Pressure differentials

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29
Q

What valve is located between the RT ventricle and the main pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonic valve (PV)

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30
Q

What valve is located between the LT ventricle and the aorta?

A

Aortic valve (AOV)

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31
Q

What three great vessels empty into the RT atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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32
Q

What arteries branch off the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery, LT common carotid artery, LT subclavian artery

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33
Q

When does the major blood flow to the coronary arteries occur?

A

During diastole

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34
Q

What main coronary artery descends down the IV sulcus to the apex?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)

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35
Q

How is blood supplied to the anterior portion of the interventricular septum?

A

Septal perforators

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36
Q

How is blood supplied to the left atrium?

A

Left atrial branch

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37
Q

Which coronary artery courses around the AV sulcus to the posterior section of the heart?

A

Left circumflex (LCx)

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38
Q

What’s the name of the first branch of the RT coronary artery?

A

Conus

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39
Q

Name the 6 branches of the RT coronary artery

A

1) conus
2) SA nodal
3) Acute marginals
4) AV nodal
5) posterior descending artery (PDA)
6) posterolateral branches

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40
Q

What is the name of the RT coronary artery branch the supplies blood to the SA node in 60% of the population?

A

SA nodal

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41
Q

What branch of the RT coronary artery supplies blood to the AV node in 90% of the population?

A

AV noda

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42
Q

What branch of the RT coronary artery supplies blood to the posterior third of the interventricular septum?

A

Posterior descending artery (PDA)

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43
Q

Drains directly in the RT atrium and RT ventricle; small amount into LT atrium

A

Thebesian veins

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44
Q

What two veins are sometimes used for catheter placement during electrophysiologic studies

A

Coronary sinus and great cardiac vein

45
Q

Alters the force of muscle contraction

A

Inotropy

46
Q

Does sympathetic stimulation, like sympathomimetic drugs, and exercise cause inotropy to increase or decrease?

A

Increase

47
Q

Does myocardial ischemia or infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypoxemia, and acidosis cause inotropy to increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

48
Q

Chronotropy

A

Heart rate

49
Q

Do exercise, fever, infection, pain, anxiety, hypovolemia, and sympathomimetic drugs cause chronotropy to increase or decrease?

A

Increase

50
Q

Name five ways to decrease chronotropy via parasympathetic nervous System stimulation

A 
Valsalva’s maneuver
Coughing
Suctioning
Vomiting
Carotid stimulation
51
Q

Is chronotropy increased or decreased in conduction abnormalities?

A

Decreased

52
Q

Name three drug classes that effect chronotropy

A

Beta-blockers
Digoxin
Calcium-channel blockers

53
Q

An increase in ventricular filling pressure (preload) will be met with a proportional increase in contractile force

A

Starling’s Law

54
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

Normal range is 4.0-6.0 liters/minute

55
Q

End diastolic volume, aka preload

A

Volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole; when the heart is all done filling

56
Q

End systolic volume

A

Volume of blood in the heart at the end of systole; normally 50-60 mL

57
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat; EDV-ESV; normal = 60-130 mL

58
Q

Name three conditions that increase preload

A

Heart failure
Hypervolemia
Bradydysrhythmias

59
Q

Name 7 conditions that decrease preload

A 
Hypovolemia 
Excessive vasodilation, I.e. shock
Increased intrathoracic pressure
Cardiac tamponade
RT ventricular failure or infarction (decreases preload for LV)
Tachydysrhythmias
Loss of atrial contraction (A-fib)
60
Q

Resistance to ejection of blood from ventricles

A

Afterload; McDonalds straw vs a coffee stirring straw

61
Q

Name 5 conditions that increase afterload

A 
Vasoconstriction 
Hypertension
Aortic valve disease
Hypercoagulability 
Pulmonary hypertension (RV)
62
Q

Name three conditions that decrease afterload

A

Hypotension
Vasodilation
Vasodilators

63
Q

Is rapid diastolic filling active or passive?

A

passive; AV valves open and blood rushes into ventricles

64
Q

reduced diastolic filling is also called…

A

diastasis

65
Q

during what phase of the Wigger’s diagram is coronary blood flow happening/optimal?

A

reduced diastolic filling/diastasis

66
Q

What subphase is also known as “atrial systole” or “atrial kick”

A

Atrial contraction

67
Q

Atrial contraction contributes what percentage of diastolic filling volume?

A

15-30%

68
Q

Which subphase occurs after the P wave?

A

Atrial contraction

69
Q

this contraction increases pressure in the ventricle, but there is no change in volume due to AV valves are closed and semilunar valves have not yet opened

A

Isovolumetric contraction

70
Q

Which subphase accounts for two-thirds of oxygen consumption of the ventricle

A

Isovolumetric contraction

71
Q

Which subphase follows the QRS complex

A

Isovolumetric contraction

72
Q

This phase occurs when aortic and pulmonary arterial pressures increase rapidly and ventricular volume decreases rapidly

A

Rapid Ventricular Ejection

73
Q

Rapid Ventricular Ejection occurs during what segment of the EKG?

A

ST segment

74
Q

Reduced ejection is also called

A

protodiastole

75
Q

What two subphase occurs during the T wave of an EKG?

A

Reduced ejection or protodiastole and isovolumetric relaxation

76
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

relaxation occurs and pressure decreases; volume does not change because the semilunar valves are closed and the AV valves have not yet opened

77
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away from from the heart

78
Q

veins carry blood

A

towards the heart

79
Q

Blood vessel Tunica adventitia

A

aka tunica externa; outer fibrous layer composed primarily of connective tissue

80
Q

blood vessel Tunica media

A

muscular layer; primarily responsible for blood pressure regulation via augmentation of vascular tone and resistance

81
Q

blood vessel tunica interna

A

only layer that is present in capillaries

82
Q

blood vessel lumen

A

hollow core within a blood vessel; diameter varies directly with blood flow (bigger diameter = greater flow)

83
Q

ability to expand to accommodate blood ejected by the ventricle

A

arteriol elasticity

84
Q

ability to recoil and thus send the bolus of blood forward to more distal aspects of the arteries and circulation

A

arteriol contractility

85
Q

name four examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta, brachiocephalic, subclavian, femoral

86
Q

name four examples of muscular arteries

A

axillary, brachial, radian, renal

87
Q

arterioles

A

resistance vessels; major regulation of capillary blood flow and blood pressure

88
Q

single layer of squamous epithelial cells surrounding a basement membrane

A

capillaries

89
Q

regulate the flow of blood into the capillary bed; constriction decreases flow to the true capillaries = decreased blood delivery

A

pre-capillary sphincter

90
Q

branches of arterioles that flow straight through the venules, called a thoroughfare channel

A

metarterioles

91
Q

Rise from arterioles or metarterioles; allow for delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removal of waste products

A

true capillaries

92
Q

regulates blood flow out of the capillary bed

A

post-capillary sphincter

93
Q

What is the purpose of hepatic portal circulation

A

hepatic filtration and regulation of nutrient rich blood

94
Q

What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis?

A

provide adequate circulation through its anastomoses (connection or opening)

95
Q

oppostion to forward flow; friction between the vessel wall and blood

A

Total peripheral resistance (afterload)

96
Q

How does stroke volume affect blood pressure?

A

Increases or decreases contractility

97
Q

carbon-dioxide detecting cells in the carotid bodies and the aorta

A

chemoreceptors

98
Q

secreted by the kidney and will stimulate the catalysis of angiotensin I in the lungs

A

renin

99
Q

Name a very powerful vasoconstrictor.

A

Angiotensin II

100
Q

Who converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

101
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex; promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion

A

Aldosterone

102
Q

What are the three main functions of the RAAS system

A
  1. increase blood volume
  2. vasoconstriction
  3. increase in blood pressure
103
Q

What type of flow results in bruit

A

turbulent flow

104
Q

Name four things that can cause turbulent flow

A
  1. narrowing
  2. shunt
  3. dilation
  4. increase metabolism or CO
105
Q

Name 4 things that happen if venous return to the heart is hindered

A
  1. end-diastolic volume (preload) drops
  2. stroke volume decreases
  3. CO decreases
  4. BP and profusion may also decrease
106
Q

Name four factors that can promote venous return

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscle
  2. neg. inspiratory pressure in the chest
  3. RT ventricular relaxation
  4. total blood volume (like a crowd of 200 trying to leave a room when someone yells fire–people in the front of the doors will get pushed out)
107
Q

any agent that alters the heart rate

A

chronotropy

108
Q

any agent that affects the conduction speed at the AV node

A

dromotropy

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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