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Integumentary System > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Surface barrier against invading organisms
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Sensory perception
  5. Excretion
  6. Skin lubrications
  7. Synthesis of Vitamin D
  8. Absorb medications
  9. Personal Identity
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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular, no nerves

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the epidermis?

A
  1. It is a protective barrier

2. It controls moisture loss

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5
Q

How is the epidermis nourished?

A

It is nourished by blood vessels in the dermis

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6
Q

How often does the dermis regenerate?

A

Every 28 days

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7
Q

What accounts for many of dermatological issues?

A

Changes in the cell growth cycle

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8
Q

What happens if dead cells slough too rapidly?

A

The skin becomes thin and eroded

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9
Q

If new cells form faster than old cells are sloughed or shed what is the outcome?

A

The skin becomes thick and scaley

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of epidermal cells?

A
  1. Keratinocytes

2. Melanocytes

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11
Q

What is the % amount of keratinocytes?

A

90-95%

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12
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

They produce keratin

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13
Q

What does Keratin do?

A

It is a protective barrier

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14
Q

How does Keratinocytes begin?

A

They begin as a stem cell at the basal layer

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15
Q

What are Keratinocytes constantly doing?

A

They are changing and moving upward through the epidermis until they flatten and die

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16
Q

How long is the total production of keratinocytes?

A

Process of 4 weeks

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17
Q

How are keratinocytes removed from the epidermis?

A

They are sloughed off or from abrasion

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18
Q

What is the % of melanocytes?

A

5%

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19
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

They secrete melanin

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20
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

They give skin and hair the color

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21
Q

What stimulates melanin production?

A

Sunlight and hormones

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22
Q

What does melanin do to protect the skin?

A

Provides UV protection

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23
Q

What determines the skin color?

A

The amount of melanin produced

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24
Q

What are the structures of the dermis?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Nerves
  3. Lymphatics
  4. Hair follicles
  5. Sebaceous and sweat glands
  6. Elastin fibers
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25
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

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26
Q

What is the function of the papillary layer?

A
  1. Is the upper, thin layer
  2. Extends into the epidermis
  3. Has ridges/papillae
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27
Q

What is an example of the papillary layer?

A

Finger/foot prints

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28
Q

Where is the reticular layer located and what is its function?

A
  1. Lower, thicker layer
  2. Provides support
  3. Collagen
  4. Elastin and reticular fibers
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29
Q

The hypodermis is considered what?

A

The subcutaneous layer

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30
Q

The subcutaneous layer is also know as what?

A

The adipose or fat layer

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31
Q

Subcutaneous tissue is a layer of what kind of tissue?

A

Connective

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32
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer attached to?

A

It attaches to underlying tissue and organs

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33
Q

How much is distributed?

A

It depends on gender, heredity, age, and nutrition

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34
Q

What is the primary function in the subcutaneous layer?

A

Insulation

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35
Q

What are the additional functions of the subcutaneous layer?

A
  1. Store lipids
  2. Regulates temperature
  3. Provides shock absorption
  4. Medication absorption
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36
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Glands
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37
Q

Where do the hair, nails, and glands develop at?

A

Epidermal layer

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38
Q

Where do hair, nails, and glands receive nutrients from?

A

The dermis

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39
Q

What are hair and nails formed from?

A

Hardened keratin or dead cells

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40
Q

Where does the shaft of the hair project from?

A

The skin surface

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41
Q

Where is the root of the hair?

A

Embedded in the skin

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42
Q

Where does the hair end?

A

In the bulb

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43
Q

What is the bulb?

A

It is the follicle or elongated pit

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44
Q

Where does hair growth begin?

A

In the junction of the follicle and papilla where there are nerve/blood vessels

45
Q

What is the erector pili muscle also known as?

A

Goosebumps

46
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands on the hair?

A

They empty into the hair shaft to lubricate the hair

47
Q

Hair is found on the body everywhere but?

A
  1. Palms
  2. Soles
  3. Lips
48
Q

How many hairs are lost in a day on average?

A

100

49
Q

How often does hair grow in 1 month?

A

Approximately 1cm

50
Q

What determines color, type, and amount of hair?

A

Heredity

51
Q

What is the purpose of hair for protection?

A
  1. It protects from foreign bodies in the ears, eyes, and nose
  2. It protects the head from UV light and cold
52
Q

What does the matrix/lunula do?

A

Produces the nail (looks like the crescent moon)

53
Q

Where is the nail bed located?

A

Under the matrix and adheres to the nail bed

54
Q

Where is the cuticle located?

A

It’s an extension onto nail plate

55
Q

Where is the nail body located?

A

The actual nail itself

56
Q

How often do fingernails grow in one week?

A

Approximately 1mm

57
Q

When do nails slow down growth?

A

During cold and illness

58
Q

When is reproduction of the nail complete?

A

100-150 days

59
Q

How long is production in toes?

A

12 months

60
Q

How long is production in fingernails?

A

3-6 months

61
Q

What will damage to the nail matrix do?

A

Distort the nail or prevent growth

62
Q

What are the colors of the nail?

A

Ranges from pink to yellow to brown

63
Q

Where are the glands located?

A

They are all located in the dermis

64
Q

How do the glands receive nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes?

A

Through the dermis blood and lymph supply

65
Q

What are the 3 types of glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Apocrine
  3. Eccrine
66
Q

How are sebaceous glands regulated?

A

Under hormonal control

67
Q

What do they secrete into the hair shaft as a lubricant and bactericidal?

A

Sebum

68
Q

Where are sebaceous glands present?

A

Everywhere bit soles and palms

69
Q

Where are sebaceous glands concentrated?

A
  1. Scalp
  2. Face
  3. Upper chest
  4. Back
70
Q

Sebaceous glands prevent the hair and skin from becoming. . .

A

Dry

71
Q

Sebaceous glands protect from . . .

A

Bacteria and fungus

72
Q

Sebaceous glands are composed mainly of. . .

A

Lipids

73
Q

Sebaceous glands depend on what for regulation?

A

Testosterone

74
Q

What are the apocrine glands called?

A

Sweat glands

75
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands mature?

A

During puberty

76
Q

The secretion of an apocrine gland looks like what?

A

A Milky substance

77
Q

What is produced when mixed with surface skin bacteria and sweat from the apocrine glands?

A

Odor

78
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands concentrated in?

A
  1. Axilla
  2. Anogenital breast/areola
  3. Eyelids
  4. External ear
79
Q

Where are sweat glands (eccrine) located?

A

Over the entire body mainly the palms, soles, forehead, and axilla

80
Q

How many eccrine sweat glands in one inch of skin?

A

Over 3,000

81
Q

What is the eccrine sweat glands composed of?

A
  1. Salts
  2. Ammonia
  3. Urea
  4. Wastes
82
Q

What are the sweat glands functions?

A
  1. Cools by evaporation
  2. Excretes waste
  3. Moisturizers surface cells
83
Q

What body system regulates the sweat glands?

A

Adrenergic NS

84
Q

The adrenergic NS secretion is stimulated by?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Exercise
  3. Emotional stress
  4. Fever
85
Q

How do the glands affect aging and the skin on the dermal-epidermal layer?

A

The junction flattens resulting in thin skin

86
Q

How do the glands affect aging and the skin within the dermal and SQ layer?

A

Mass is lost resulting in less temperature control and cushion

87
Q

How do the glands affect aging and the skin in the SQ fat?

A

There is degeneration of elastic fibers and collagen stiffening resulting in wrinkles and sagging skin

88
Q

What is the result of decreased activity of the glands?

A

Dry, flaky skin

89
Q

What is the result of a diminished blood supple and proliferator capacity?

A

Decreased wound healing and Diminished sensation

90
Q

What are some effects on the hair due to aging?

A
  1. Decreased melanin resulting in gray and white hair

2. Decreased oil and density of hair resulting in dry, coarse hair and alopecia and thinning hair

91
Q

What are some effects of the nails due to aging?

A
  1. Decreased peripheral blood supply resulting in thick or brittle nails
  2. Decreased circulation resulting in increased cap refill time
  3. Increased keratin resulting in longitudinal ridging
92
Q

What are some associated changes resulting in lesions, due to aging?

A
  1. Skin tags
  2. Lentigo (pigmented spots)
  3. Keratosis (abnormal growth of keratin)
  4. Vascular lesions
93
Q

What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
94
Q

What is the primary function of the skin?

A

Surface barrier against invading organisms

95
Q

All epidermis cells are . . .

A

Dead cells

96
Q

The skin excretes how many ml’s a day?

A

600-900ml

97
Q

The skin is the largest ______ in the body

A

Organ

98
Q

The epidermis is very thin only measuring . . .

A

0.5-0.70mm

99
Q

What is the condition of thick and scaly skin is. . .

A

Psoriasis

100
Q

The dermis thickest where on the body?

A

The back

101
Q

Melanin is secreted in the deep _____ layer

A

Basal

102
Q

The dermis measures at. . .

A

1-4mm

103
Q

Elastin fibers are important in . . .

A

Wound healing

104
Q

What are the two different types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Apocrine

2. Accrine

105
Q

What are apocrine glands responsible for?

A

Sweat from adolescence, giving an odor, located in the axilla, umbilica, perineal, and eyelids

106
Q

What are the eccrine glands responsible for?

A

Exercise, non-odor, stimulated by exercise, heat, emotional stress, fever and anxiety

107
Q

What color does the eccrine sweat glands release?

A

Transparent, watery color

108
Q

Skin tags are identified by. . .

A
  1. Soft/pedunculated
  2. On a stalk
  3. Not precancerous
  4. Usually front of neck/axilla
  5. Pin point to pea size

Integumentary System (5 decks)

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