A&P Flashcards
Deep (common) peroneal nerve innervates:
Front & Lateral Lower Leg
Superficial Peroneal nerve innervates:
Fibualris longus & Brevis (and skin)
THe vitamin that aids in Ca+ absorption?
Vitamin D
Vitamin that AIDS in Iron absorption?
Vitamin C
Vitamin deficiency associated with Anemia?
Vitamin B12
What part is the mm structure is Ca+ stored?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?
Striated, Voluntary
Sympathetic trunk ganglion (paravertebral gg) are located:
Bilaterally from base of skull to coccyx innervating organs
Head, neck, shoulders, and heart
THe parasympathetic Ganglion in the cervical spine:
Synapse with terminal gg that are located within the walls of the visceral organs
Pascinian Corpuscles:
FAST
Encapsulated
Pressure + vibration
Meissner Corpuscle
Fast Touch receptors Encapsulated In dermal papillae of hairless skin Fine touch, pressure, slow vibration
Hair Root Plexus
FAST
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
Detects crude touch & mvmt in skin
Merkel Discs
Type 1
Slow
Free nerve ending found in stratum basal
Fine touch + pressure
Riffing Corpuscle
Type 2
Slow
In Deep Dermis
MC in hands and feet but also in ligaments and tendons
Crude touch, stretching of skin, mvmt of digits
Free Nerve endings sense:
Pain, itch, tickle, temp
What are the 3 levels of the bodies protection?
1 - skin
2 - immune response
3 - medical intervention
What mms are innervates by the Trigeminal nerve?
CN V
Digastric mms
Thyroid hormone:
Regulates metabolic rate
What is true about hormones?
They are lipid base structures (Eicosanoids)
Where does dynamic equilibrium occur?
Semicircular canal (ear)
What wraps around muscle?
Epimysium
What does strenuous exercise cause?
Cell damage
Please the structure of the brain superior to inferior:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
What is true about pregnancy?
Tidal volume increases 30 %
What prevents blood from coming back to the Pulmonary Trunk?
Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve
What affects Venous return?
- Musculoskeletal pump
- BP
- Vena Cava Compression
- Respiratory Pump
A Red Blood Cell Does Not Use the Oxygen it carries because:
They have no Nucleus & no Mitchondria
Generate ATP ANAEROBILCALLY
Where does the Krebs Cylcle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
What nerves innervate the tongue for speech and swallowing?
Hypoglossal
CN XII
What proteins carries O2 and CO2 in the mm cell?
Hemoglobin
Function of Acetylcholinesterase at Synaptic cleft:
To break down Acetylcholine (ACh)
Terminate neuroransmisson
Reset Synapse
What’s the function of Goblets cells in the body?
Secretion of Mucins (main component of mucus)
Which type of tissue dosen’t have epithelium?
Muscle
Teeth
Bone
What’s the function of Synovial Fluid?
Reduction of friction between Articular Cartilage
Function of Bone Tissue:
Osteoclasts - Bone Resorption (deconstruct bone)
Osteoblasts - Bone formation
Osteocytes - Mechanoreceptors & orchestrate bone remodelling
Erythema:
Redness of skin or mucous membranes caused by Hyperemia in superficial capillaries
What type of cell produces Antibodies?
“B” lymphocytes
A person with black skin has more:
Melanin
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia (paravertebral ganglia):
Fight or Flight
Long chains on either side of spinal cord; Lat. and Vent
General Stress Adaptation is regulated by what?
Activated by Hypothalamus
Decreased by Parasympathetic branch of ANS
WHat’s the most common secondary effect of Hyperthyroidism?
"Grave's Disease" causes hyperthyroidism Fatigue/ mm weakness Hand tremors Mood swings Nervousness
What causes Goiter?
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid
Can be used by Grave’s Disease also
What two important hormones are produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin - acts on bone marrow to produce red blood cells
(Prox convoluted tubule & peritubular capillary)
Calcitriol - Regulates Ca+ in combo with PTH to increase digestion of Ca+ from GI tract into blood
What causes S1, AV valves closing?
S1 caused by closing of the Mitral + Tricupid Valves at start of Systole
Where does the bronchial tree begin?
Trachea - divides into 2 tubes @ Hilum into Main Bronchi
Causes of Pneumoconiosis:
“Black Lung”
Miner dust, Asbestos, Silica, coal dust
Cause of Primary Cirrhosis:
Autoimmune Disease
Chronic Inflam that damages bile ducts
Leads to build up of toxic wastes in liver
Damage to the Temporal Lobe:
1 - Disturbance to Auditory sensation 2- Disturbance of Visual Perception 3- Impaired orientation/impaired categorization of verbal material 4 -Impaired long term memory 5 -Disturbed language comprehension
Intersegmental Flexor reflex:
Synapses in more than one segment of spinal cord
Biceps FLX reflex –> sensory –> interneuron –> motor (hot stove!)
What is the consequence of Cystic Fibrosis?
Decreases body’s ability to transfer H2O and NaCl- to and from cells that produce sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes
=makes them thick and sticky
=clogs up organs, lungs, pancreas, liver + gall bladder +intestines :(
Lupus
Marked by Inflam of skin
Butterfly rash on face
Autoimmune
Swelling of joints, poor posture, RA
What’s the role of Progesterone during pregnancy?
Maintains endometrium & stimulates glands to secrete nutrients to nourish embryo
Stimulates growth of breast tissue/milk production hormones
What is stroke Volume?
= Amoutn of blood ejected by Left Ventricle in one contraction
Eccrine Glads:
Sweat Glands
Found in virtually all skin
Apocrine Glands:
Secretory product gather at free end of cell and are “pinched off” along with some of the cytoplasm = secretion
Ex “mammal glands secreting breaths milk”
Why aren’t we aware of blood pressure changes?
BP. Is controlled by ANS via Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagus N via baroreceptors around corridor arteries
Lymphatic system drains into external jugular vein?
Posterolateral nodes of superficial cervical lymph nodes
–> collect lymph from superficial surface of neck
What tripper Testes to produce Testosterone?
Hypothalamus Signals –> Ant Pituitary releases –> LH–>Testes –> Testosterone
Development of the Brain 3 - 4 weeks in Embryo
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombocephalon
Development of Brain 5 weeks in embryo
Tele – Cerebrum—> Lat vent
Pro 3rd vent
Hypo
Epi
Mesen - midbrain —-> Aqueduct
Pons
Meten upper 4th vent Rhomben lower 4th vent
Major part of the brain
Brain stem Cerebellum Diencephalon Hypothalamus Cerebrum
Brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord and consists of:
Medulla oblungata
Pons (bridges) and midbrain
Cerebellum:
2nd largest part of the brain
Diencephalon
Gives rise to thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear fluid circulates through ventricals of the central canal
Subarachnoid space
Absorbs shock/ protects brain
Transepts nutrients/waste from blood + nervous tissue
CSF carries chemicals from blood to Neuron
Lateral ventricals
Cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricales
Diencephalon narrow cavity Alon midline
Sup to hypothalamus +
In btw R & L Halves of thalamus
Central aquaduct:
Midbrain
Fourth ventrical
Brain stem and cerebellum (base)
Formation and CSF in ventricales:
choroid plexus network of capillaries in vent walls
Vent are lined with Ependymal cells
Plasma is drawn from choroid plea through these cells into vent. To produce CSF
Common site for decussation of ascending + descending tracts
Medulla Oblongata
Center of Medulla Oblongata
Houses 5 pairs of cranial nerves 7-12
The Pons (bridge)
Contains nuclei
Sensory + motor tracts
Vestibular nuclei-equilibrium
Pneumotaxic + apes tic areas in the respitory center which control breathing
Responsible for 2* control of respiration
The Midbrain contains
- Ant paired bundles called pedunacles
- Axons that conducts nerve impulses from motor area on cerebral cortex –> spinal cord, pons, & medulla
- Sup follicular are part of the auditory pathway & exhibit the startle reflex
- Contains CN 3-4
The Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Extends from the pons to the Diencephalon
Part of the ventrical found here - cerebral aquaduct
Cerebellum
- 2nd largest part of brain
- balance, flocculonodular lobe on inf side contributes to equilibrium + balance
- ant + post lobes control subconscious aspects of skeletal mvmt
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
The Thalamus
- Intermediate mass containing several nuclei
- major relay station for most sensory impulses
Hypothalamus
Inf to thalamus
- consists of mammillary body, Median eminence, infundibulum, + a number of nuclei
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Controls ANS
- produces hormones
- regs emotional/behavioural patterns
- eating, drinking, body temp, circadian rythms
- structural & functional relationship btw hypothalamus & pituitary
Epithalamus
Small region sup to thalamus that consists of Pineal gland Secretes Melatonin (sleep)
The Cerebrum
“Seat of intelligence”
Houses Pre-Central Gyrus (primary motor area)
Post-central Gyrus (primary somatosensory area)
Gyri
Folds of the brain
Sulci
Shallow grooves
How many lobes in the cerebellum?
4
Lobes of the Cerebrum:
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
Basal Ganglia
3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere make up basal gg
- globes pallidus
- Putamen
- caudate nucleus
Putamen
Anticipates mvmt
Caudate nucleus
Prior to eye mvmt
The Limbic System
- Ring of structure on the inner border of the cerebrum & floor of Diencephalon
- includes cingulate Gyrus, hippocampus, dent ate Gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, olfactory bulb
Emotional Brain
Governs emotional aspects of behaviour
Primary somatosensory area
Postcentral Gyrus
Primary Visual Area
Occipital Lobe
Primary Auditory Area
Temporal Lobe
Primary Olfactory Area
Temporal Lobe
Primary Gustatory
Base of the Postcentral gyrus
Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)
Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus
Broca’s Speech Area
Left Cerebral hemisphere
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)
Somatosensory assoc Visual assoc area Auditory " Wernicke's " Prefrontal cortex Hemispheric lateralization Brain waves
Somatosensory Association Area
Post to Primary Somatosensory area
Visual Assoc Area
Occipital lobe
Primary Gustatory
Base of the Postcentral gyrus
Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)
Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus
Broca’s Speech Area
Left Cerebral hemisphere
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)
Somatosensory assoc Visual assoc area Auditory " Wernicke's " Prefrontal cortex Hemispheric lateralization Brain waves
Somatosensory Association Area
Post to Primary Somatosensory area
Visual Assoc Area
Occipital lobe
