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Boards Review > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Deep (common) peroneal nerve innervates:

A

Front & Lateral Lower Leg

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2
Q

Superficial Peroneal nerve innervates:

A

Fibualris longus & Brevis (and skin)

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3
Q

THe vitamin that aids in Ca+ absorption?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

Vitamin that AIDS in Iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

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5
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated with Anemia?

A

Vitamin B12

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6
Q

What part is the mm structure is Ca+ stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

A

Striated, Voluntary

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8
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglion (paravertebral gg) are located:

A

Bilaterally from base of skull to coccyx innervating organs

Head, neck, shoulders, and heart

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9
Q

THe parasympathetic Ganglion in the cervical spine:

A

Synapse with terminal gg that are located within the walls of the visceral organs

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10
Q

Pascinian Corpuscles:

A

FAST
Encapsulated
Pressure + vibration

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11
Q

Meissner Corpuscle

A 
Fast
Touch receptors
Encapsulated
In dermal papillae of hairless skin
Fine touch, pressure, slow vibration
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12
Q

Hair Root Plexus

A

FAST
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
Detects crude touch & mvmt in skin

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13
Q

Merkel Discs

Type 1

A

Slow
Free nerve ending found in stratum basal
Fine touch + pressure

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14
Q

Riffing Corpuscle

Type 2

A

Slow
In Deep Dermis
MC in hands and feet but also in ligaments and tendons
Crude touch, stretching of skin, mvmt of digits

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15
Q

Free Nerve endings sense:

A

Pain, itch, tickle, temp

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16
Q

What are the 3 levels of the bodies protection?

A

1 - skin

2 - immune response

3 - medical intervention

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17
Q

What mms are innervates by the Trigeminal nerve?

CN V

A

Digastric mms

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone:

A

Regulates metabolic rate

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19
Q

What is true about hormones?

A

They are lipid base structures (Eicosanoids)

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20
Q

Where does dynamic equilibrium occur?

A

Semicircular canal (ear)

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21
Q

What wraps around muscle?

A

Epimysium

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22
Q

What does strenuous exercise cause?

A

Cell damage

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23
Q

Please the structure of the brain superior to inferior:

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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24
Q

What is true about pregnancy?

A

Tidal volume increases 30 %

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25
Q

What prevents blood from coming back to the Pulmonary Trunk?

A

Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve

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26
Q

What affects Venous return?

A
  • Musculoskeletal pump
  • BP
  • Vena Cava Compression
  • Respiratory Pump
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27
Q

A Red Blood Cell Does Not Use the Oxygen it carries because:

A

They have no Nucleus & no Mitchondria

Generate ATP ANAEROBILCALLY

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28
Q

Where does the Krebs Cylcle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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29
Q

What nerves innervate the tongue for speech and swallowing?

A

Hypoglossal

CN XII

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30
Q

What proteins carries O2 and CO2 in the mm cell?

A

Hemoglobin

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31
Q

Function of Acetylcholinesterase at Synaptic cleft:

A

To break down Acetylcholine (ACh)
Terminate neuroransmisson
Reset Synapse

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32
Q

What’s the function of Goblets cells in the body?

A

Secretion of Mucins (main component of mucus)

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33
Q

Which type of tissue dosen’t have epithelium?

A

Muscle
Teeth
Bone

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34
Q

What’s the function of Synovial Fluid?

A

Reduction of friction between Articular Cartilage

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35
Q

Function of Bone Tissue:

A

Osteoclasts - Bone Resorption (deconstruct bone)
Osteoblasts - Bone formation
Osteocytes - Mechanoreceptors & orchestrate bone remodelling

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36
Q

Erythema:

A

Redness of skin or mucous membranes caused by Hyperemia in superficial capillaries

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37
Q

What type of cell produces Antibodies?

A

“B” lymphocytes

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38
Q

A person with black skin has more:

A

Melanin

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39
Q

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia (paravertebral ganglia):

A

Fight or Flight

Long chains on either side of spinal cord; Lat. and Vent

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40
Q

General Stress Adaptation is regulated by what?

A

Activated by Hypothalamus

Decreased by Parasympathetic branch of ANS

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41
Q

WHat’s the most common secondary effect of Hyperthyroidism?

A 
"Grave's Disease" causes hyperthyroidism
Fatigue/ mm weakness
Hand tremors 
Mood swings
Nervousness
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42
Q

What causes Goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency
Thyroid
Can be used by Grave’s Disease also

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43
Q

What two important hormones are produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin - acts on bone marrow to produce red blood cells
(Prox convoluted tubule & peritubular capillary)

Calcitriol - Regulates Ca+ in combo with PTH to increase digestion of Ca+ from GI tract into blood

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44
Q

What causes S1, AV valves closing?

A

S1 caused by closing of the Mitral + Tricupid Valves at start of Systole

45
Q

Where does the bronchial tree begin?

A

Trachea - divides into 2 tubes @ Hilum into Main Bronchi

46
Q

Causes of Pneumoconiosis:

A

“Black Lung”

Miner dust, Asbestos, Silica, coal dust

47
Q

Cause of Primary Cirrhosis:

A

Autoimmune Disease
Chronic Inflam that damages bile ducts
Leads to build up of toxic wastes in liver

48
Q

Damage to the Temporal Lobe:

A 
1 - Disturbance to Auditory sensation 
2- Disturbance of Visual Perception
3- Impaired orientation/impaired categorization of verbal material
4 -Impaired long term memory
5 -Disturbed language comprehension
49
Q

Intersegmental Flexor reflex:

A

Synapses in more than one segment of spinal cord

Biceps FLX reflex –> sensory –> interneuron –> motor (hot stove!)

50
Q

What is the consequence of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Decreases body’s ability to transfer H2O and NaCl- to and from cells that produce sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes
=makes them thick and sticky
=clogs up organs, lungs, pancreas, liver + gall bladder +intestines :(

51
Q

Lupus

A

Marked by Inflam of skin
Butterfly rash on face
Autoimmune
Swelling of joints, poor posture, RA

52
Q

What’s the role of Progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Maintains endometrium & stimulates glands to secrete nutrients to nourish embryo
Stimulates growth of breast tissue/milk production hormones

53
Q

What is stroke Volume?

A

= Amoutn of blood ejected by Left Ventricle in one contraction

54
Q

Eccrine Glads:

A

Sweat Glands

Found in virtually all skin

55
Q

Apocrine Glands:

A

Secretory product gather at free end of cell and are “pinched off” along with some of the cytoplasm = secretion

Ex “mammal glands secreting breaths milk”

56
Q

Why aren’t we aware of blood pressure changes?

A

BP. Is controlled by ANS via Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagus N via baroreceptors around corridor arteries

57
Q

Lymphatic system drains into external jugular vein?

A

Posterolateral nodes of superficial cervical lymph nodes

–> collect lymph from superficial surface of neck

58
Q

What tripper Testes to produce Testosterone?

A

Hypothalamus Signals –> Ant Pituitary releases –> LH–>Testes –> Testosterone

59
Q

Development of the Brain 3 - 4 weeks in Embryo

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombocephalon

60
Q

Development of Brain 5 weeks in embryo

A

Tele – Cerebrum—> Lat vent
Pro 3rd vent
Hypo
Epi

Mesen - midbrain —-> Aqueduct

                                Pons
                 Meten  upper 4th vent Rhomben  lower 4th vent
61
Q

Major part of the brain

A 
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
62
Q

Brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord and consists of:

A

Medulla oblungata

Pons (bridges) and midbrain

63
Q

Cerebellum:

A

2nd largest part of the brain

64
Q

Diencephalon

A

Gives rise to thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

65
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain

66
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid circulates through ventricals of the central canal
Subarachnoid space
Absorbs shock/ protects brain
Transepts nutrients/waste from blood + nervous tissue
CSF carries chemicals from blood to Neuron

67
Q

Lateral ventricals

A

Cerebral hemispheres

68
Q

Third ventricales

A

Diencephalon narrow cavity Alon midline
Sup to hypothalamus +
In btw R & L Halves of thalamus

69
Q

Central aquaduct:

A

Midbrain

70
Q

Fourth ventrical

A

Brain stem and cerebellum (base)

71
Q

Formation and CSF in ventricales:

A

choroid plexus network of capillaries in vent walls
Vent are lined with Ependymal cells
Plasma is drawn from choroid plea through these cells into vent. To produce CSF

72
Q

Common site for decussation of ascending + descending tracts

A

Medulla Oblongata

73
Q

Center of Medulla Oblongata

A

Houses 5 pairs of cranial nerves 7-12

74
Q

The Pons (bridge)

A

Contains nuclei
Sensory + motor tracts
Vestibular nuclei-equilibrium
Pneumotaxic + apes tic areas in the respitory center which control breathing
Responsible for 2* control of respiration

75
Q

The Midbrain contains

A
  • Ant paired bundles called pedunacles
  • Axons that conducts nerve impulses from motor area on cerebral cortex –> spinal cord, pons, & medulla
  • Sup follicular are part of the auditory pathway & exhibit the startle reflex
  • Contains CN 3-4
76
Q

The Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Extends from the pons to the Diencephalon

Part of the ventrical found here - cerebral aquaduct

77
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2nd largest part of brain
  • balance, flocculonodular lobe on inf side contributes to equilibrium + balance
  • ant + post lobes control subconscious aspects of skeletal mvmt
78
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

79
Q

The Thalamus

A
  • Intermediate mass containing several nuclei

- major relay station for most sensory impulses

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inf to thalamus

- consists of mammillary body, Median eminence, infundibulum, + a number of nuclei

81
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Controls ANS

  • produces hormones
  • regs emotional/behavioural patterns
  • eating, drinking, body temp, circadian rythms
  • structural & functional relationship btw hypothalamus & pituitary
82
Q

Epithalamus

A 
Small region sup to thalamus that consists of Pineal gland
Secretes Melatonin (sleep)
83
Q

The Cerebrum

A

“Seat of intelligence”
Houses Pre-Central Gyrus (primary motor area)
Post-central Gyrus (primary somatosensory area)

84
Q

Gyri

A

Folds of the brain

85
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves

86
Q

How many lobes in the cerebellum?

A

4

87
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum:

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

88
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

89
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere make up basal gg

  • globes pallidus
  • Putamen
  • caudate nucleus
90
Q

Putamen

A

Anticipates mvmt

91
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Prior to eye mvmt

92
Q

The Limbic System

A
  • Ring of structure on the inner border of the cerebrum & floor of Diencephalon
  • includes cingulate Gyrus, hippocampus, dent ate Gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, olfactory bulb
93
Q

Emotional Brain

A

Governs emotional aspects of behaviour

94
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

Postcentral Gyrus

95
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

Occipital Lobe

96
Q

Primary Auditory Area

A

Temporal Lobe

97
Q

Primary Olfactory Area

A

Temporal Lobe

98
Q

Primary Gustatory

A

Base of the Postcentral gyrus

99
Q

Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)

A

Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus

100
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

A

Left Cerebral hemisphere

101
Q

Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)

A 
Somatosensory assoc
Visual assoc area
Auditory "
Wernicke's "
Prefrontal cortex 
Hemispheric lateralization
Brain waves
102
Q

Somatosensory Association Area

A

Post to Primary Somatosensory area

103
Q

Visual Assoc Area

A

Occipital lobe

104
Q

Primary Gustatory

A

Base of the Postcentral gyrus

105
Q

Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)

A

Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus

106
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

A

Left Cerebral hemisphere

107
Q

Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)

A 
Somatosensory assoc
Visual assoc area
Auditory "
Wernicke's "
Prefrontal cortex 
Hemispheric lateralization
Brain waves
108
Q

Somatosensory Association Area

A

Post to Primary Somatosensory area

109
Q

Visual Assoc Area

A

Occipital lobe

Boards Review (8 decks)

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