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Board Review > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Regulates volume

A

ADH

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2
Q

Regulates NA+

A

Aldosterone

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3
Q

Endocrine function of kidneys

A

Erythropoietin- renal hormone, acts on bone marrow stimulates RBC production

Vitamin D- starts in skin>liver> kidney > to vitamin d3
Hypocalcemia in renal pts due to VitD deficiency

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4
Q

Nephron blood flow

A

Afferent arteriole

Glomerular capillary- only place FILTRATION occours

Efferent arteriole

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5
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Over 2/3 of reabsorption occurs here

Over 2/3 of secretion of drugs occur here

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6
Q

Loop of henle

A

Thin descending and Thick Ascending

Separates handling of h20 and sodium

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7
Q

Thin descending loop

A

Water reabsorption but sodium stays

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8
Q

Thick ascending

A

Sodium reabsorption but water stays

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9
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Located were the Afferent arteriole crosses the distal tubule

Makes and secretes renin in response to low b/p

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10
Q

Distal tubule

A

Reabsorption of sodium occurs

Controlled by aldosterone

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11
Q

Collection duct

A

Controls water reabsorption by ADH

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12
Q

The five S of Vasopressin

A

Synthesis- para ventricular and supraoptic nucleus in hypothal
Stored- posterior pituitary
Secreted- blood stream
Stimulus- increase ECF OSMO, pt is to salty,
Sight of action- collecting duct, inserts aquaporines, h2o retained

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary

Adenohypophisis

A 
ACTH
GH
TSH
LH
FSH
PRL
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14
Q

Posterior pituitary

Neuro hypophysis

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Peripheral motor (efferent)

A

Outgoing information. Centrally out to periphery

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16
Q

Parasympathetic pathways

A

Long preganglinic and short postganglionic

ACH the receptor both pre and post

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17
Q

Sympathetic pathways

A

Short preganglionic and short post

ACH is pre neurotransmitter and Norepinephrine is post.

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18
Q

A- Alpha

A

Myelinated
6-120 m/s
Efferent and Afferent
Muscles

19
Q

A-Beta

A

Myelinated
30-70m/s
Efferent motor, Afferent sensory
Proprioception and touch/ pressure

20
Q

A-Gamma

A

Myelinated
15-30m/s
Just motor efferent
Skeletal muscle tone

21
Q

A-Delta

A

Myelinated
12-30m/s
Only sensory Afferent
Pain, temp, touch

22
Q

B fibers

A

Myelinated
3-15m/s
Preganglionic AUTONOMIC
Various autonomic functions

23
Q

C fibers

A

Not myelinated
Afferent
Touch, pain, chronic pain

24
Q

Two cholinergic receptors

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

Muscarinic- parasympathetic
Nicotinic- skeletal muscle, sympathetic and parasympathetic pre

25
Q

B2 second messenger

A

Drug stimulates receptor
Gprotein then create enzyme adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase with atp make second messenger cAMP
Kinases added phosphate and get rid of calcium
Bronchoconstriction dilation occours

26
Q

Phosphodiasterase

A

Breaks down second messenger, therefor if you block it with phosphodiesterase inhibitor then its actions last longer and more bronchodilation.

Milrinone, inamarinone

27
Q

Substantia gelatinosa

A

Lamina rexed 2 and 3.

28
Q

Neuroaxial opioid

A

Diffuses into substantia gelatinosa (rexed 2,3), binds with opioid receptor and decreases release and transmission of substance P. Mu 1-2, delta, kappa all at work but opioids mostly mu2

29
Q

Larynx motor

A

External superior- cricothyroid

RLN- everything else

30
Q

Larynx sensory

A

Internal superior- everything above vocal cords

RLN- below vocal cords.

31
Q

Laryngeal muscles

A

posterior cricaryetenoids- pull cords apart

Lateral- adduct, bring together

Cricothyroid- tenses vc. Thyroarytenoid- relaxes vocal cords

32
Q

Movement of CSF

A

Choroid plexus, last vent, for amen Monroe, third ventricle, aqueduct of sylvius, 4th ventricle, foramen Lushka/ magendie, SAS, brain, arachnoid villi

33
Q

SSEP- posterior spinal arteries

A

Touch, pressure, vibration

Dorsal cord, cuneatus, gracilis
Ascend ipsalateral side cross at brainstem

34
Q

Antero-lateral

Or spinothalamic

A

Ascending

Perish to the rexed laminae, cross over spinal cord and ascend tract of lissauer

35
Q

Dorsolateral funiculus

A

Descends, modulates pain

Perivent and periaquaductal to the substantia gelatinosa, enkephalins modulate substance p.

36
Q

Parasympathetic CNs

A

3,7,9,10

37
Q

Median nerve innervates

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmar is long us
Flexor digitorium

38
Q

Not In liver

A

3,4,8

39
Q

Cryo contains

A

1,8,13

40
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

11,12,9,8

41
Q

Extrinsic

A

3,7

42
Q

Common

A

1,2,5,10,13

43
Q

Osmolality

A

Sodium concentration is 90% of osmolality of ECF

NORMAL is 270-310 mosm

Board Review (5 decks)

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