A&P Flashcards
Regulates volume
ADH
Regulates NA+
Aldosterone
Endocrine function of kidneys
Erythropoietin- renal hormone, acts on bone marrow stimulates RBC production
Vitamin D- starts in skin>liver> kidney > to vitamin d3
Hypocalcemia in renal pts due to VitD deficiency
Nephron blood flow
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillary- only place FILTRATION occours
Efferent arteriole
Proximal tubule
Over 2/3 of reabsorption occurs here
Over 2/3 of secretion of drugs occur here
Loop of henle
Thin descending and Thick Ascending
Separates handling of h20 and sodium
Thin descending loop
Water reabsorption but sodium stays
Thick ascending
Sodium reabsorption but water stays
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Located were the Afferent arteriole crosses the distal tubule
Makes and secretes renin in response to low b/p
Distal tubule
Reabsorption of sodium occurs
Controlled by aldosterone
Collection duct
Controls water reabsorption by ADH
The five S of Vasopressin
Synthesis- para ventricular and supraoptic nucleus in hypothal
Stored- posterior pituitary
Secreted- blood stream
Stimulus- increase ECF OSMO, pt is to salty,
Sight of action- collecting duct, inserts aquaporines, h2o retained
Anterior pituitary
Adenohypophisis
ACTH GH TSH LH FSH PRL
Posterior pituitary
Neuro hypophysis
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Peripheral motor (efferent)
Outgoing information. Centrally out to periphery
Parasympathetic pathways
Long preganglinic and short postganglionic
ACH the receptor both pre and post
Sympathetic pathways
Short preganglionic and short post
ACH is pre neurotransmitter and Norepinephrine is post.
A- Alpha
Myelinated
6-120 m/s
Efferent and Afferent
Muscles
A-Beta
Myelinated
30-70m/s
Efferent motor, Afferent sensory
Proprioception and touch/ pressure
A-Gamma
Myelinated
15-30m/s
Just motor efferent
Skeletal muscle tone
A-Delta
Myelinated
12-30m/s
Only sensory Afferent
Pain, temp, touch
B fibers
Myelinated
3-15m/s
Preganglionic AUTONOMIC
Various autonomic functions
C fibers
Not myelinated
Afferent
Touch, pain, chronic pain
Two cholinergic receptors
Muscarinic and nicotinic
Muscarinic- parasympathetic
Nicotinic- skeletal muscle, sympathetic and parasympathetic pre
B2 second messenger
Drug stimulates receptor
Gprotein then create enzyme adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase with atp make second messenger cAMP
Kinases added phosphate and get rid of calcium
Bronchoconstriction dilation occours
Phosphodiasterase
Breaks down second messenger, therefor if you block it with phosphodiesterase inhibitor then its actions last longer and more bronchodilation.
Milrinone, inamarinone
Substantia gelatinosa
Lamina rexed 2 and 3.
Neuroaxial opioid
Diffuses into substantia gelatinosa (rexed 2,3), binds with opioid receptor and decreases release and transmission of substance P. Mu 1-2, delta, kappa all at work but opioids mostly mu2
Larynx motor
External superior- cricothyroid
RLN- everything else
Larynx sensory
Internal superior- everything above vocal cords
RLN- below vocal cords.
Laryngeal muscles
posterior cricaryetenoids- pull cords apart
Lateral- adduct, bring together
Cricothyroid- tenses vc. Thyroarytenoid- relaxes vocal cords
Movement of CSF
Choroid plexus, last vent, for amen Monroe, third ventricle, aqueduct of sylvius, 4th ventricle, foramen Lushka/ magendie, SAS, brain, arachnoid villi
SSEP- posterior spinal arteries
Touch, pressure, vibration
Dorsal cord, cuneatus, gracilis
Ascend ipsalateral side cross at brainstem
Antero-lateral
Or spinothalamic
Ascending
Perish to the rexed laminae, cross over spinal cord and ascend tract of lissauer
Dorsolateral funiculus
Descends, modulates pain
Perivent and periaquaductal to the substantia gelatinosa, enkephalins modulate substance p.
Parasympathetic CNs
3,7,9,10
Median nerve innervates
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmar is long us
Flexor digitorium
Not In liver
3,4,8
Cryo contains
1,8,13
Intrinsic pathway
11,12,9,8
Extrinsic
3,7
Common
1,2,5,10,13
Osmolality
Sodium concentration is 90% of osmolality of ECF
NORMAL is 270-310 mosm
