A&P 3 Flashcards by Jessica Cruz

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

Hinge; uniaxial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four muscles that make up the Quadriceps muscle group?

~Rectus femoris
~Vastus lateralis
~Vastus medialis
~Vastus intermedius

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an important fact about the Quadriceps?

It should be about 25-30% stronger than the hamstring muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary action of the Vastus lateralis?

Knee extension (slight internal rotation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin
~Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, upper half of the linea aspera and the entire lateral intermuscular septum

Insertion
~Lateral border of patella, patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

Vastus lateralis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary action of the Vastus intermedius?

Knee extension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin
~Upper two-thirds of anterior surface of femur

Insertion
~Upper border of patella and the patellar tendon of tibial tuberosity

Vastus intermedius

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary action of the Vastus medialis?

Knee extension (slight external rotation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin
~Whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge

Insertion
~Medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

Vastus medialis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What muscles make up the Hamstrings?

~Biceps femoris
~Semimembranosus
~Semitendinosus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an important function of the hamstrings?

Their flexibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the popliteus?

~Knee flexion
~Knee internal rotation
~Provides posteriorateral stability of the knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin
~Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the femur

Insertion
~Upper posterior medial surface of tibia

Popliteus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cause of a knee ligament sprain?

A force overwhelms ligament strength

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the grades of a knee sprain?

~Grade 1 (stretch)
~Grade 2 (Partial tear)
~Grade 3 (complete tear)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the diagnosis of a knee ligament sprain?

Swelling starts in twenty to thirty minutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long does each grade of a knee ligament sprain take to heal?

~Grade one heals in about 7 days
~Grade two takes 2-3 weeks
~Grade three requires surgery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the initial treatment for a knee ligament sprain?

RICE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an important fact about knee ligament sprains?

60% of all significant knee ligament injuries involve at least a partial injury to the ACL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes of a torn ACL?

~’Play” develops between the femur and tibia
~ACL functions as a restraining “guidewire”
~Often caused by a blow to the lateral knee (often rupturing the medial collateral ligament, too)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the diagnosis of a torn ACL?

Swelling starts twenty to thirty minutes after injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What test can be used to diagnosis a torn ACL?

Anterior drawer test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long does each grade of a torn ACL take to heal?

~Grade one heals in about 7 days
~Grade two takes 2-3 weeks
~Grade three requires surgery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an important fact about a torn ACL?

Without a fully functional ACL, the knee has a 50% chance of becoming permanently unstable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes for a torn meniscus?

~Twist down too hard, the cartilage will rip | ~Almost impossible to do by yourself, need an awkward fall, tackle, etc..

What are two important facts about a torn meniscus?

~Medial meniscus is torn four times as often as the lateral meniscus ~A torn cartilage is torn for good

What is the diagnosis of a torn meniscus?

~Sensation that something has 'given way' ~Excess synovial fluid accumulates and it is very hard to bend the knee ~Pain on the medial (or lateral) aspect of the knee ~Piece of free cartilage can caused 'locked knee' ~Surgery is a MUST

What is the recovery time for a torn meniscus?

3-6 weeks

What is the best procedure to use when diagnosing a torn meniscus?

An arthrogram (dye and x-ray)

What are the causes for a patella sublaxation?

~Outer structures of the knee (vastus lateralis) overpower the inner structures (vastus medialis) ~A kneecap 'rides high' (common in thin people) ~Patellar surface on the femur is too shallow

How would you diagnosis a patella sublaxation?

~Straight track test with flexed extensors | ~Medial-lateral test with relaxed extensors

What is the treatment for a patella sublaxation?

~Exercise/ support | ~If exercise is ineffective, surgery can fix the patellar surface or tighten surrounding muscles

What are the causes of patella chondromalacia?

~Kneecap instability ~Direct blow (traumatic chondromalacia) ~Genetic abnormality ~Unknown (overuse?)

What is the diagnosis of patella chondromalacia?

~Pain at the patella ~Intensifies with prolonged sitting ~Squatting or kneeling is painful

What are the test used to diagnose patella chondromalacia?

The crepitus and quadriceps inhibition tests are positive

What is the treatment for patella chondromalacia?

~Rest and anti-inflammatory medication for two weeks | ~Severe cases require 'shaving'

What is an important fact about runner's knee?

30% of all runners/joggers experience Runner's Knee, making it the most common lower body ailment with the exception of the ankle sprain

What are the causes for Runner's knee?

~Overuse ~Micro-trauma in the area of the iliotibial band ~Prevalent in distance runners-- not common in sprinters

What is the diagnosis of Runner's knee?

~Pain is not localized, but lies over a broad area of the lateral knee joint ~Starts with mild discomfort and gets progressively worse without rest

What is the treatment for Runner's Knee?

~Should rest at least a week and ice twenty minutes twice daily ~Virtually all cases involve natural ankle inversion- treated with an orthotic

What joints are in the ankle?

~Tibiofibular ~Talocrural ~Subtalar and transverse tarsal

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?

Syndesmoses

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Hinge

What type of joints are the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints?

Gliding joints

What are the primary actions of the extensor digitorum longus?

~Ankle dorsiflexion | ~Extension of the four lesser toes

Origin ~Lateral condyle of the tibia ~Head of the fibula, upper tow-thirds of anterior surface of fibula Insertion ~Tops of middle and distal phalanges of four lesser toes

Extensor digitorum longus

What are the primary actions of the extensor hallucis longus?

~Ankle dorsiflexion ~Extension of the great toe ~Weak inversion of the foot

Origin ~Middle two-thirds of medial surface of anterior fibula Insertion ~Top of base of distal phalanx of great toe

Extensor hallucis longus

What are the primary action of the Tibialis anterior?

~Ankle dorsiflexion | ~Inversion of the foot

Origin ~Upper two-thirds of lateral surface of tibia Insertion ~Inner surface of medial cuneiform, first metatarsal bones

Tibialis anterior

What are the primary actions of the gastrocnemius?

~Ankle plantar flexion | ~Knee flexion

Origin ~Posterior surfaces of two condyles of femur Insertion ~Posterior surface of calcaneus

Gastrocnemius

What is the primary action of the soleus?

Ankle plantar flexion

Origin ~Proximal two-thirds of posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula Insertion ~Posterior surface of calcaneus

Soleus

What are the primary actions of the tibialis posterior?

~Ankle plantar flexion | ~Foot inversion

Origin ~Posterior surface of upper half of interosseous membrane, adjacent surfaces of tibia and fibula Insertion ~Lower inner surfaces of navicular and cuneiform bones, bases of second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones

Tibialis posterior

What are the primary actions of the flexor digitorum longus?

~Ankle plantar flexion ~Foot inversion ~Flexion of the four lesser toes

Origin ~Middle third of posterior surface of tibia Insertion ~Base of distal phalanx of each of four lesser toes

Flexor digitorum longus

What are the primary actions of the flexor hallucis longus?

~Flexion of the great toe ~Foot inversion ~Ankle plantar flexion

Origin ~Middle two-thirds of oosterior surface of fibula Insertion ~Base of distal phalanx of large toe, undersurface

Flexor hallucis longus

What are the primary action of the peroneus brevis?

~Foot eversion | ~Ankle plantar flexion

Origin ~Lower two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula Insertion ~Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone

Peroneus brevis

What are the causes for shin splints?

``` ~Overuse early in season ~Sprained tibialis posterior (75%) ~Inflamed tibia bone ~Anterior compartment syndrome (interrupted blood flow) ~Tibial stress fracture ```

What is the diagnosis of shin splints?

Pain starts about 2-3 hours after exercise

What is the treatment of shin splints?

~Rest and ice ~6-8 aspirin ~If it still hurts after one week, see a doctor ~Severe cases are treated effectively with orthotics

What is an important fact about shin splints?

You should never suffer shin splints with proper arch support protection

What is is the most common athletic injury?

Sprained ankle

What are some important points about sprained ankles?

~Almost all ankle sprains are inversion sprains ~There are three grades (1, 2, & 3) ~One and two- ligament sprains

What is the diagnosis of a sprained ankle?

~Instant onset of pain ~Something may 'pop' ~Ankle has a period of pain free 'shock' ~Pain will return about 30 minutes later

What is the resting time for each grade of a sprained ankle?

~Grade one, 4-5 days ~Grade two, 7-10 days ~Grade three, 2-3 weeks

What is important when treating a sprained ankle?

Ensure proper external support is accomplished through taping

What type of joint is the acetabular-femoral joint?

Ball and socket; multiaxial

What are the primary actions of the iliopsoas?

~Flexion of hip | ~External rotation of femur

Origin ~Lower borders of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-5 (psoas major and minor) ~Inner surface of the ilium (iliacus) ~Sides of the bodies of the last thoracic (T12), all the lumbar vertebrae (L1-5), intervertebral fibrocartilages, and base of sacrum (psoas major and minor) Insertion ~Lesser trochanter of femur and shaft just below (iliacus and psoas major) ~Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence (psoas minor)

Iliopsoas

What are the primary actions of the sartorius?

~Flexion of the hip | ~External rotation of the thigh as it flexes the hip and knee

Origin ~Anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below the spine of ilium Insertion ~Anterior medial condyle of tibia

Sartorius

What are the primary actions of the rectus femoris?

~Flexion of the hip | ~Extension of the knee

Origin ~Anterior inferior iliac spine ~Groove (posterior) above the acetabulum Insertion ~Superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

Rectus femoris

What are the primary actions of the pectineus?

~Flexion of the hip ~Adduction of the hip ~Internal rotation of the hip

Origin ~Space 1 inch wide on front of pubis above crest Insertion ~Rough line leading from lesser trochanter to linea aspera

Pectineus

What are the primary actions of the gluteus maximus?

~Hip extension | ~Hip external rotation

Origin ~Posterior one-fourth of the crest of ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx near the ilium, and fascia of the lumbar area Insertion ~Oblique ridge on lateral surface of the greater trochanter and iliotibial band of fascia latae

Gluteurs maximus

What are the primary actions of the semitendinosus?

~Hip extension ~Knee flexion ~Internal rotation of the hip ~Internal rotation of the knee

What two muscles provide important medial stability to the knee?

Semitendinosus & semimembranosus

Origin ~Ischial tuberosity Insertion ~Upper anterior medial surface of tibia

Semitendinosus

What are the primary actions of the semimembranosus?

~Hip extension ~Knee flexion ~Internal rotation of the hip ~Internal rotation of the knee

Origin ~Ischial tuberosity Insertion ~Posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle

Semimembranosus

What are the primary actions of the biceps femoris?

~Hip extension ~Knee flexion ~external rotation of the hip ~External rotation of the knee

What muscle provides important lateral stability to the knee joint?

Biceps femoris

Origin ~Ischial tuberosity ~Lower half of linea aspera, lateral condyloid ridge Insertion ~Lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula

Biceps femoris

What is the primary action of the external rotator muscles?

External hip rotation

What muscles make up the external rotator muscles?

``` ~Piriformis ~Gemellus superior ~Gmellus inferior ~Obturator externus ~Obturator internus ~Quadratus femoris ```

Origin ~Sacrum, posterior portions of ischium and obturator foramen Insertion ~Greater trochanter and posterior aspect of the greater trochanter

External rotator muscles

What are the primary actions of the tensor fasciae latae?

~Hip abduction | ~Hip flexion

Origin ~Anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium just below the crest Insertion ~One-fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract, which in turn inserts onto Gerdy's tubercle of the anterolateral tibial condyle

Tensor fasciae latae

What are the primary action of the gluteus medius?

~Hip abduction ~Internal rotation ~External rotation

Origin ~Lateral surface ilium just below the crest Insertion ~Posterior and middle surfaces of greater trochanter of the femur

Gluteus medius

What are the primary action of the gluteus minimus?

~Hip abduction | ~Internal roation

Origin ~Lateral surface of ilium below the origin of the gluteus medius Insertion ~Anterior surface of greater trochanter of the femur

Gluteus minimus

What are the primary action of the adductor longus?

~Adduction of the hip | ~Assists with hip flexion

Origin ~Anterior pubis just below its crest Insertion ~Middle third of the linea aspera

Adductor longus

What are the primary actions of the adductor brevis?

~Adduction of the hip | ~External rotation with adduction (soccer kick)

Origin ~Front of the inferior pubic ramus just below the origin of the longus Insertion ~Lower two-thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and the upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera

Adductor brevis

What are the primary actions of the adductor magnus?

~Adduction of the hip | ~External rotation as hip adducts (soccer kick)

Origin ~Eduge of entire ramus of the pubis and the ischium and ischial tuberosity Insertion ~Whole length of linea aspera, inner condyloid ridge and adductor tubercle

Adductor magnus

What are the primary actions of the gracilis?

~Hip adduction ~Weak knee flexion ~Internal rotation of the hip

Origin ~Anterior medial edge of descending ramus or pubis Insertion ~Anterior medial surface of tibia below condyle

Gracilis

What is avascular necrosis?

Bone marrow ischemia-- a deterioration of the cartilage and bone

Who's career eded due to bone marrow ischemia?

Bo Jackson

What is the cause for hip pointer?

A sharp blow to the hip results in tearing tendons at the iliac crest

What is the diagnosis for hip pointer?

~2-3 hours after injury the hip becomes sore ~A limp develops and it's difficult to run ~Swelling

What is the treatment for hip pointer?

Rest and ice (2X daily for 20 mins)

What are the causes for a pelvic bone avulsion?

~Growing muscles overpower tendinous attachments ~Tendon snaps a bony attachment ~Powerful sprinting with 'cold' muscles (overuse)

What is an important point about bone avulsions?

80% of bone avulsions in young athletes occur at the hip

What is the diagnosis of a pelvic bone avulsion?

~Discoloration ~Pain with stretching ~X-rays are essential

What is the treatment for a pelvic bone avulsion?

Rest with crutches for 7-10 day

How long is the recovery time for a pelvic bone avulsion?

6 weeks to heal completely