A&P 2 Flashcards
What are the five anterior muscles of the elbow?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Pronator quadratus
What are the three posterior muscles of the elbow?
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Supinator
What is the primary actions of the BICEPS BRACHII?
Flexion
Supination
Origins
~Superglenoid tubercle
~Coracoid process
Insertion
~Radial tuberosity
Biceps brachii
What is the primary actions of the BRACHIALIS?
Flexion
What muscle is the only true flexor of the elbow joint?
The Brachialis
Origin
~Distal half of anterior portion of the humerus
Insertion
~Coronoid process of the ulna
Brachialis
What is the primary actions of the BRACHIORADIALIS?
Flexion
Pronation
Supination
Origin
~Distal two-thirds of the lateral condyloid (supracondylar) ridge of the humerus
Insertion
~Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius at styloid process
Brachioradialis
What are the primary actions of the PRONATOR TERES?
Pronation
Weak elbow flexion
Origin
~Distal part of medial condyloid ridge of humerus; medial side of ulna
Insertion
~Middle third of the lateral surface of the radius
Pronator teres
What is the primary action of the PRONATOR QUADRATUS?
Pronation
Origin
~Distal fourth of anterior side of the ulna
Insertion
~Distal fourth of anterior side of the radius
Pronator quadratus
What are the primary actions of the TRICEPS BRACHII?
Extension (all heads)
extension and adduction of the shoulder (Long head)
What is an important fact about the TRICEPS BRACHII?
The triceps brachii has a long, medial, and lateral head.
Origin
~Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
~Upper half of posterior surface of the humerus
~Distal two-thirds of posterior surface of the humerus
Insertion
~Olecranon process of the ulna
Triceps brachii
What are the primary actions of the ANCONEUS?
Extension
CHIEF function is to pull the synovial membrane of the elbow joint out of the way of the advancing olecranon process
Origin
~Posterior surface of lateral condyle of the humerus
Insertion
~Posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon process
Anconeus
What is the primary action of the SUPINATOR?
Supination
Origin
~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
~Neighboring posterior part of the ulna
Insertion
~Lateral surface of proximal radius just below the head
Supinator
What are the primary movements of the FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS?
Flexion (of the wrist)
Abduction
Weak elbow flexion
Origin
~Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion
~Base of the second and third metacarpal, anterior (palmer) surface
Flexor carpi radialis
What are the primary actions of the PALMARIS LONGUS?
Flexion (of the wrist)
Weak elbow flexion
Origin
~Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion
~Palaris aponeurosis of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
Palmaris longus
What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS?
Extension (of the wrist)
Abduction
Weak elbow extension
Origin
~Lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion
~Base of second metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Extensor carpi radialis longus
What are the primary actions of the FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS?
Flexion (of the wrist)
Adduction
Weak elbow flexion
Origin
~Medial epicondyle of the humerus, posterior aspect of proximal ulna
Insertion
~Pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal
Flexor carpi ulnaris
What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS?
Extension
Adduction
Weak elbow extension
Origin
~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
~Middle two-fourths of the posterior border of the ulna
Insertion
~Base of the fifth metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR DIGITORUM?
Extension of the wrist and fingers
Weak elbow extension
Origin
~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion
~Four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanges of four fingers (dorsal surface)
Extensor digitorum
Origin
~Outer third of inguinal ligament, inner rim of iliac crest, inner surface of cartilage of lower six ribs, lumbar fascia
Insertion
~Crest of pubis, iliopectineal line, and linea alba joining its fellow from the other side
Transverse abdominis
What is the primary action of the TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS?
Forced expiration by pulling the abdominal wall inward
Origin
~Medial clavicle
~Manubrium of the sternum
Insertion
~Mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid
What are the two splenius muscles?
Cervicis and Capitis
Origin
~Spinous processes of third through sixth thoracic vertebrae
Insertion
~Transverse processes of first three cervical vertebrae
Cervicis
What are the primary actions of the splenius muscles?
Head and neck extension
Head rotation and lateral flexion
Origin
~Spinous processes of the seventh cervical and the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae
Insertion
~Mastoid processes and the occipital bone
Capitis
What are the three Erector spinae muscles?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Origin
~Superior sacrum
Insertion
~Posterior ribs and cervical transverse processes
Iliocostalis
Origin
~Superior sacrum
Insertion
~Cervical and thoracic transverse processes and the mastoid process
Longissimus
Origin
~Upper lumbar and lower thoracic spinous processes
Insertion
~Cervical and thoracic spinous processes and the occipital bone
Spinalis
What are the primary actions of the three Erector spinae muscles?
Spinal extension
lateral flexion
Origin
~Posterior inner lip of iliac crest
Insertion
~Approximately one half length of the twelfth rib and transverse process of the upper four lumbar vertebrae
Quadratus lumborum
What are the primary actions of the QUADRATUS LUMBORUM?
Lateral flexion
Stabilization of the pelvis and lumbar spine
Origin
~Borders of lower eight ribs at side of chest, dovetailing with serratus anterior muscle
Insertion
~Anterior half of crest of ilium, inguineal ligament, crest of pubis, facia of rectus abdominis (lower front)
Exteranl oblique
What are the primary actions of the EXTERNAL OBLIQUE?
Lumbar flexion
Lateral flexion
Lumbar rotation
Origin
~Upper half of inguineal ligament, anterior two-thirds of crest of ilium, lumbar fascia
Insertion
~Costal cartilages of eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs, linea alba
Internal oblique
What are the primary actions of the INTERNAL OBLIQUE?
Lumbar flexion
Lateral flexion
Lumbar rotation
Origin
~Crest of pubis
Insertion
~Cartilage of fith, sixth, and seventh ribs
~Xiphoid process
Rectus abdominis
What are the primary actions of the RECTUS ABDOMINIS?
Lumbar flexion
Lateral flexion
What is an important fact about the EXTENSOR DIGITORUM?
It is the only muscle involved in the extension of ALL FOUR fingers
What are the causes for elbow busitis?
~Tip of the elbow receives a sharp blow and injures the bura
~Reapeated falls irritates the bursa wall
What is the treatment for elbow bursitis?
~Ice twice daily for 20 mins
~Asprin
~5 days-1 week
~Extreme cases– drain the sac and inject cortisone
What are the causes for lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
~Excessive strain on the muscular attachments ~Backhand 90% and forehand 10% ~Improper form ~Racquet too heavy ~Playing on grass or cement ~Too much tension on strings ~Oversized grip
What is the treatment for lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
~Rest and asprin
~Tennis lessons
What are the causes of ulnar neuritis?
~The ulnar nerve stretches or becomes loose
~Throwing or racquet sports that “twang” the nerve
What is the treatment for ulnat neuritis?
~Rest and asprin
~Relief in 4-6 weeks
~Extreme cases require surgery
What are the causes for little league/pitcher’s elbow?
~Powerful throwing motions cause wear and tear at the medial epicondyle
~Growth plate in children
~Tendon attachment in adults
What is the treatment for little league/pitcher’s elbow?
~Stop throwing and take asprin
~Relief in 4-6 weeks —- longer in children if gap had developed at growth plate
~Extreme cases surgery is necessary to restore growth center
What is the cause of a wrist sprain?
Excessive range of motion causes a tear in a ligament or joint capsule
What is the treatment of a wrist sprain?
~Rest and immobilization
~Splint followed by adhesive tape
What is the cause for DeQuervain’s tendinitis?
Overuse throwing or racquet sports inflames tendon sheath and causes excess synovial fluid
What is the treatment of DeQuervain’s tendinitis?
~Ice twice daily for 20 mins
~Immobilization and asprin
~Multiple tendons may require surgery
What are the causes for a carpal navicular fracture?
~A fall or impact to an outstretched hand
~Navicular is driven into the radius
What are the primary actions of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?
Head and neck flexion
Head rotation and lateral flexion
What is the treatment for a carpal navicular fracture?
~Immobilization (casting)
~Frequent x-rays (navicular heals slowly)
~Healing take 3 months