A&P 2 Flashcards by Jessica Cruz

What are the five anterior muscles of the elbow?

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis 
Pronator teres 
Pronator quadratus

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What are the three posterior muscles of the elbow?

Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Supinator

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What is the primary actions of the BICEPS BRACHII?

Flexion

Supination

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Origins
~Superglenoid tubercle
~Coracoid process

Insertion
~Radial tuberosity

Biceps brachii

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What is the primary actions of the BRACHIALIS?

Flexion

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What muscle is the only true flexor of the elbow joint?

The Brachialis

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Origin
~Distal half of anterior portion of the humerus

Insertion
~Coronoid process of the ulna

Brachialis

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What is the primary actions of the BRACHIORADIALIS?

Flexion
Pronation
Supination

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Origin
~Distal two-thirds of the lateral condyloid (supracondylar) ridge of the humerus

Insertion
~Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius at styloid process

Brachioradialis

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What are the primary actions of the PRONATOR TERES?

Pronation

Weak elbow flexion

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Origin
~Distal part of medial condyloid ridge of humerus; medial side of ulna

Insertion
~Middle third of the lateral surface of the radius

Pronator teres

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What is the primary action of the PRONATOR QUADRATUS?

Pronation

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Origin
~Distal fourth of anterior side of the ulna

Insertion
~Distal fourth of anterior side of the radius

Pronator quadratus

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What are the primary actions of the TRICEPS BRACHII?

Extension (all heads)

extension and adduction of the shoulder (Long head)

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What is an important fact about the TRICEPS BRACHII?

The triceps brachii has a long, medial, and lateral head.

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Origin
~Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
~Upper half of posterior surface of the humerus
~Distal two-thirds of posterior surface of the humerus

Insertion
~Olecranon process of the ulna

Triceps brachii

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What are the primary actions of the ANCONEUS?

Extension

CHIEF function is to pull the synovial membrane of the elbow joint out of the way of the advancing olecranon process

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Origin
~Posterior surface of lateral condyle of the humerus

Insertion
~Posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon process

Anconeus

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What is the primary action of the SUPINATOR?

Supination

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Origin
~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
~Neighboring posterior part of the ulna

Insertion
~Lateral surface of proximal radius just below the head

Supinator

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What are the primary movements of the FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS?

Flexion (of the wrist)
Abduction
Weak elbow flexion

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Origin
~Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion
~Base of the second and third metacarpal, anterior (palmer) surface

Flexor carpi radialis

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What are the primary actions of the PALMARIS LONGUS?

Flexion (of the wrist)

Weak elbow flexion

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Origin
~Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion
~Palaris aponeurosis of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals

Palmaris longus

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What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS?

Extension (of the wrist) Abduction Weak elbow extension

Origin ~Lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and lateral epicondyle of the humerus Insertion ~Base of second metacarpal (dorsal surface)

Extensor carpi radialis longus

What are the primary actions of the FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS?

Flexion (of the wrist) Adduction Weak elbow flexion

Origin ~Medial epicondyle of the humerus, posterior aspect of proximal ulna Insertion ~Pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS?

Extension Adduction Weak elbow extension

Origin ~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus ~Middle two-fourths of the posterior border of the ulna Insertion ~Base of the fifth metacarpal (dorsal surface)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

What are the primary actions of the EXTENSOR DIGITORUM?

Extension of the wrist and fingers | Weak elbow extension

Origin ~Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Insertion ~Four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanges of four fingers (dorsal surface)

Extensor digitorum

Origin ~Outer third of inguinal ligament, inner rim of iliac crest, inner surface of cartilage of lower six ribs, lumbar fascia Insertion ~Crest of pubis, iliopectineal line, and linea alba joining its fellow from the other side

Transverse abdominis

What is the primary action of the TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS?

Forced expiration by pulling the abdominal wall inward

Origin ~Medial clavicle ~Manubrium of the sternum Insertion ~Mastoid process

Sternocleidomastoid

What are the two splenius muscles?

Cervicis and Capitis

Origin ~Spinous processes of third through sixth thoracic vertebrae Insertion ~Transverse processes of first three cervical vertebrae

Cervicis

What are the primary actions of the splenius muscles?

Head and neck extension | Head rotation and lateral flexion

Origin ~Spinous processes of the seventh cervical and the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae Insertion ~Mastoid processes and the occipital bone

Capitis

What are the three Erector spinae muscles?

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Origin ~Superior sacrum Insertion ~Posterior ribs and cervical transverse processes

Iliocostalis

Origin ~Superior sacrum Insertion ~Cervical and thoracic transverse processes and the mastoid process

Longissimus

Origin ~Upper lumbar and lower thoracic spinous processes Insertion ~Cervical and thoracic spinous processes and the occipital bone

Spinalis

What are the primary actions of the three Erector spinae muscles?

Spinal extension | lateral flexion

Origin ~Posterior inner lip of iliac crest Insertion ~Approximately one half length of the twelfth rib and transverse process of the upper four lumbar vertebrae

Quadratus lumborum

What are the primary actions of the QUADRATUS LUMBORUM?

Lateral flexion | Stabilization of the pelvis and lumbar spine

Origin ~Borders of lower eight ribs at side of chest, dovetailing with serratus anterior muscle Insertion ~Anterior half of crest of ilium, inguineal ligament, crest of pubis, facia of rectus abdominis (lower front)

Exteranl oblique

What are the primary actions of the EXTERNAL OBLIQUE?

Lumbar flexion Lateral flexion Lumbar rotation

Origin ~Upper half of inguineal ligament, anterior two-thirds of crest of ilium, lumbar fascia Insertion ~Costal cartilages of eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs, linea alba

Internal oblique

What are the primary actions of the INTERNAL OBLIQUE?

Lumbar flexion Lateral flexion Lumbar rotation

Origin ~Crest of pubis Insertion ~Cartilage of fith, sixth, and seventh ribs ~Xiphoid process

Rectus abdominis

What are the primary actions of the RECTUS ABDOMINIS?

Lumbar flexion | Lateral flexion

What is an important fact about the EXTENSOR DIGITORUM?

It is the only muscle involved in the extension of ALL FOUR fingers

What are the causes for elbow busitis?

~Tip of the elbow receives a sharp blow and injures the bura | ~Reapeated falls irritates the bursa wall

What is the treatment for elbow bursitis?

~Ice twice daily for 20 mins ~Asprin ~5 days-1 week ~Extreme cases-- drain the sac and inject cortisone

What are the causes for lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?

``` ~Excessive strain on the muscular attachments ~Backhand 90% and forehand 10% ~Improper form ~Racquet too heavy ~Playing on grass or cement ~Too much tension on strings ~Oversized grip ```

What is the treatment for lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?

~Rest and asprin | ~Tennis lessons

What are the causes of ulnar neuritis?

~The ulnar nerve stretches or becomes loose | ~Throwing or racquet sports that "twang" the nerve

What is the treatment for ulnat neuritis?

~Rest and asprin ~Relief in 4-6 weeks ~Extreme cases require surgery

What are the causes for little league/pitcher's elbow?

~Powerful throwing motions cause wear and tear at the medial epicondyle ~Growth plate in children ~Tendon attachment in adults

What is the treatment for little league/pitcher's elbow?

~Stop throwing and take asprin ~Relief in 4-6 weeks ---- longer in children if gap had developed at growth plate ~Extreme cases surgery is necessary to restore growth center

What is the cause of a wrist sprain?

Excessive range of motion causes a tear in a ligament or joint capsule

What is the treatment of a wrist sprain?

~Rest and immobilization | ~Splint followed by adhesive tape

What is the cause for DeQuervain's tendinitis?

Overuse throwing or racquet sports inflames tendon sheath and causes excess synovial fluid

What is the treatment of DeQuervain's tendinitis?

~Ice twice daily for 20 mins ~Immobilization and asprin ~Multiple tendons may require surgery

What are the causes for a carpal navicular fracture?

~A fall or impact to an outstretched hand | ~Navicular is driven into the radius

What are the primary actions of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?

Head and neck flexion | Head rotation and lateral flexion

What is the treatment for a carpal navicular fracture?

~Immobilization (casting) ~Frequent x-rays (navicular heals slowly) ~Healing take 3 months