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A&P for Kinesiology > A&P 1 > Flashcards

A&P 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

A

Form follows function

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2
Q

What system maintains boundaries?

A

Integumentary system

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3
Q

What system controls movement?

A

Musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

What system controls responsiveness (irritability)?

A

Nervous system

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5
Q

What system controls digestion and distribution?

A

Digestive and Cardiovascular systems

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6
Q

What system controls excretion?

A

Digestive and Respiratory systems

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7
Q

What system is responsible for growth?

A

Excretory system

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8
Q

What system controls the intake of nutrients?

A

Digestive system

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9
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

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10
Q

What are the components of a feedback loop?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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11
Q

Describe the afferent pathway.

A

Input flows from the receptor to the control center

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12
Q

Describe the efferent pathway.

A

Output flows from the control center to the effector

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13
Q

What does a positive feedback loop do?

A

The variable change enhances or aggravates initial stimulus.

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14
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

The variable change is opposite of the initial stimulus.

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15
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

regulation of blood clotting

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16
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A

regulation of blood volume

regulation of body temperature

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17
Q

Describe superior (cranial).

A

toward the head

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18
Q

Describe inferior (caudal).

A

away from the head

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19
Q

Describe anterior (ventral)

A

front of the body

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20
Q

Describe posterior (dorsal).

A

back of the body

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21
Q

Describe medial.

A

toward the midline of the body

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22
Q

Describe lateral.

A

away from the midline of the body

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23
Q

Describe intermediate.

A

Halfway between medial and lateral.

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24
Q

Describe proximal.

A

closer to the point of attachment

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25
Q

Describe distal.

A

further from the point of attachment

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26
Q

Describe superficial (external).

A

close to the surface

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27
Q

Describe deep (internal).

A

more internal than superficial

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28
Q

What axis is used with the frontal plane?

A

Anteroposterior (sagittal) axis

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29
Q

What axis is used with the sagittal plane?

A

Lateral (frontal) axis

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30
Q

What axis is used with the transverse plane?

A

Vertical (longitudinal) axis

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31
Q

What movements are in the sagittal plane?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Circumduction (circumflexion)
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)
Plantar flexion
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32
Q

Describe the sagittal plane.

A

the plane that cuts the body in equal right and left halves

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33
Q

Describe the frontal plane.

A

The plane that cuts the body into equal front and back halves.

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34
Q

Describe the transverse plane.

A

The plane that cuts the body into equal top and bottom halves.

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35
Q

Define flexion.

A

A decrease in the joint angle

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36
Q

Define extension.

A

An increase in the joint angle

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37
Q

Define circumduction (circumflexion).

A

A combination of movements that describes an arc/cone.

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38
Q

What is an example of circumduction?

A

Shoulder circles

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39
Q

Define dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion).

A

A decreased angle of the ankle joint.

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40
Q

What is an example of dorsiflexion?

A

Pull toes up

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41
Q

Define plantar flexion.

A

An increased angle of the ankle joint

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42
Q

What is the example of plantar flexion?

A

pointing toes

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43
Q

What movements are made in the frontal plane?

A

Abduction
Adduction
Lateral flexion

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44
Q

What movements are made in the transverse plane?

A 
Internal rotation
External rotation
Pronation
Supination
Eversion
Inversion
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45
Q

Define Lateral flexion.

A

a decrease in the joint angle in the frontal plane

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46
Q

Define internal rotation

A

A rotary movement toward the midline

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47
Q

Define external rotation.

A

A rotary movement away from the midline

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48
Q

Define pronation.

A

Internal rotation of the radius (palms down)

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49
Q

Define supination.

A

External rotation of the radius (palms up)

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50
Q

Define eversion.

A

A lateral movement of the foot (sole out)

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51
Q

Define inversion.

A

A medial movement of the foot (sole in)

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52
Q

Define abduction.

A

a lateral movement away from midline

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53
Q

Define adduction

A

a lateral movement towards the midline

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54
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Collagen fibers

Flexible and resilent

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55
Q

What are some examples of hyaline cartilage?

A

Nose
articular cartilage of a joint
costal cartilage

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56
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Stretchy and reslient

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57
Q

What is an example of elastic cartilage?

A

External ear

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen with high tensile strength

Heavy weight-bearing

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59
Q

What are examples of fibrocartilage?

A

Cartilage in the intervertebral disc
Meniscus
Pubic symphysis

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60
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A

Humerus

Femur

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61
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

trapezoid (in the hand)

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62
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

Vertebra

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63
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

Sternum

ribs

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64
Q

What are the 8 sites of muscle and ligament attachments?

A 
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process
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65
Q

Where is one tuberosity located?

A

On the humerous

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66
Q

Define tuberosity.

A

A large rounded projection; may be roughened

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67
Q

Define a crest.

A

A narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

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68
Q

Where is one crest located?

A

On the illium

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69
Q

Where is one trochanter found?

A

On the femur

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70
Q

Define a trochanter.

A

A very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.

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71
Q

Define a line.

A

A narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

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72
Q

Where is one line located?

A

On the illium

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73
Q

Define a tubercle.

A

A small rounded projection or process.

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74
Q

Where is a tubercle located?

A

On the proximal humerous.

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75
Q

Define an epicondyle.

A

A raised area on or above a condyle

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76
Q

Where is one epicondyle located?

A

On the distal humerous

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77
Q

Define a spine.

A

A sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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78
Q

Where can one spine be located?

A

on the scapula

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79
Q

Define a process.

A

Any bony prominence

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80
Q

Where is a process located?

A

On the distal radius

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81
Q

What are the 4 projections that help form joints?

A

Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus

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82
Q

What is a head?

A

A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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83
Q

What is a facet?

A

A smooth, nearly flat articular projection.

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84
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A rounded articular projection

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85
Q

What is a ramus?

A

An armlike bar of the bone

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86
Q

Where is a head?

A

On the proximal humerous

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87
Q

Where is a facet?

A

On the patella

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88
Q

Where is a condyle?

A

On the distal femur

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89
Q

Where is a ramus?

A

On the pubis and the ischium

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90
Q

What are the 6 depressions and opening for blood vessels and nerves?

A 
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
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91
Q

What is a meatus?

A

A canal-like passageway

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92
Q

What is a sinus?

A

A cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

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93
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

94
Q

What is a groove?

A

A furrow

95
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A narrow, slit-like opening

96
Q

What is foramen?

A

A round or oval opening through a bone

97
Q

What is an example of a meatus?

A

Haversian

98
Q

What is an example of a sinus?

A

The nasal passageway

99
Q

Where can one fossa be found?

A

On the scapula

100
Q

Where is one groove located?

A

on the proximal humerous

101
Q

Where is one fissure found?

A

On the spinal cord

102
Q

Where can a foramen be found?

A

On the ischium and pubis

103
Q

What are the 7 types of skeletal muscle?

A 
Convergent
Parallel
Unipennate
Bipennate
Fusiform
Multipennate
circular
104
Q

What is the origin?

A

Where is muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone.

105
Q

What is the insertion?

A

Where is the muscle is attached to the movable bone.

106
Q

What is a convergent muscle?

A

A muscle that has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.

107
Q

What is a parallel muscle?

A

A muscle in which the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. these are often straplike

108
Q

What is a fusiform muscle?

A

A spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly; also classified as spindle shaped.

109
Q

What is a unipennate muscle?

A

A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to one side of a central tendon.

110
Q

What is a bipennate muscle?

A

A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of a central tendon.

111
Q

What is a multipennate muscle?

A

A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of many tendons that converge to form one large tendon.

112
Q

What is an example of a circular muscle?

A

Orbicularis oris

113
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscle?

A

Pectoralis major

114
Q

What is an example of a parallel muscle?

A

Sartorius

115
Q

What is an example of an unipennate muscle?

A

Extensor digitorum longus

116
Q

What is an example of a bipennate muscle?

A

Rectus femoris

117
Q

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

A

Biceps brachii

118
Q

What is an example of a multipennate muscle?

A

Deltoid

119
Q

What is an example of an isotonic contraction?

A

a bicep curl (concentric)

120
Q

What is an example of an isometric contraction?

A

holding a plank position

121
Q

What are the types of an isotonic (dynamic) contraction?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

122
Q

Define an isotonic (dynamic) contraction.

A

The muscle develops tension as it changes length

123
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

The muscle shortens

124
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

The muscle lengthens

125
Q

Define an isometric (static) contraction.

A

The muscle develops tension, but does not change length

126
Q

Define an isokenetic contraction.

A

An isotonic contraction at a constant velocity

127
Q

What are the 5 roles of muscles?

A 
Agonist
Antagonist
stabilizer
synergist
neutralizer
128
Q

What is an agonist?

A

the prime mover responsible for joint motion during contraction.

129
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle located opposit the agonist and have the opposite action.

130
Q

What is a stabilizer?

A

A muscle that surrounds the joint or body part and serves as fixators or stabilizers during a contraction

131
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that assists the agonist, but is not a prime mover.

132
Q

What is a neutralizer?

A

A muscle that counteracts the action of the other muscles to prevent undesired movements

133
Q

Define synarthroses.

A

an immovable joint

134
Q

What are the fibrous joints?

A

Suture

Sydemoses

135
Q

Where can a suture joint be found?

A

On the skull

136
Q

Define Amphiarthroses.

A

a slightly movable joint

137
Q

Where can a sydemoses joint be found?

A

in the ankle

138
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

139
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A 
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
140
Q

What is a sydemoses joint?

A

A joint in which the bones are connected by a ligament, cord, or other tissue.

141
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint?

A

A joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

142
Q

What type of joint is a synchondrosis joint?

A

an amphiarthrosis, cartilaginous joint

143
Q

What are some examples of a synchondrosis joint?

A

Epiphyseal plates
first rib and sternum
Intervertebral discs

144
Q

Define diarthrosis.

A

a freely movable joint

145
Q

What are some examples of a diarthrosis joint?

A

Knees and shoulders

146
Q

What are the structures of a synovial joint?

A

Articular cartilage
Synovial cavity (with synovial fluid)
Articular capsule (a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane)
Reinforcing ligaments

147
Q

What is an important fact about the bursa and tendon sheaths?

A

Bursa and tendon sheaths act as lubricants to reduce friction in a joint.

148
Q

What are the characteristics of a plane joint?

A

Allows slipping or gliding
No axis of rotation
Nonaxial

149
Q

What is an example of a plane joint?

A

Intercarpel joints

150
Q

What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?

A

Allow motion along a single plane
Acts like a mechanical hinge
Uniaxial

151
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Bending and straightening the elbow and interphalangeal joints

152
Q

What are the characteristics of a pivot joint?

A

allows rotation around its own long axis

Uniaxial

153
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

The proximal radius

154
Q

What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?

A

Permists all angular motions with greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
Biaxial

155
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Carpometacarpel joint of the thumb

156
Q

What are the characteristics of a condyloid joint?

A

Permits some angular movement

biaxial

157
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Knuckle

158
Q

What are the characteristics of a ball-and-socket joint?

A

The most freely moving joint
Permits movement in all axis’ and planes
multiaxial

159
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder

160
Q

What bones are in the shoulder girdle?

A

Scapula

Clavicle

161
Q

What are the 3 joints in the shoulder girdle?

A

Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Scapulothoracic

162
Q

What are the 5 primary movers in the shoulder girdle?

A

Anterior:
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior

Posterior:
trapezius
rhomboid
levator scapula

163
Q

What is the movement of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

It is multiaxial

164
Q

What kind of movements are permitted in the acromioclavicular joint?

A

gliding and rotational movement

165
Q

What movements are permitted in the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Movement is dependant on the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

166
Q

What are the primary actions of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?

A

Elevation

lateral neck flexion

167
Q

What are the exercises that can strengthen the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?

A

Shoulder shrug
Power clean
Lateral neck flexion

168
Q

What are the primary movements of the TRAPEZIUS?

A

Elevation and adduction
Depression
Fixation of the scapula
Stabilization of the glenoid fossa

169
Q

What are the exercises that can strengthen the TRAPEZIUS?

A 
Shoulder shrug
Power clean
Side lateral raise
Upright row
Lateral (horizontal) row
170
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the TRAPEZIUS?

A

Base of skull, occipital protuberance, posterior ligaments of neck, spinous processes of cervical (C7) and all thoracic vertebrae (T1-12)

171
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the TRAPEZIUS?

A

Posterior aspect of lateral third clavicle, medial border of acromion process & upper border of scapular spine, triangular space at base of scapular spine

172
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?

A

Transvers processes of upper cervical vertebrae (C1-4)

173
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?

A

Medial border of the scapula above the spine

174
Q

What are the primary actions of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?

A

Adduction
Downward rotation
Elevation

175
Q

What exercises strengthen the RHOMBOID?

A

Chin ups
Upright row
Lateral (horizontal) row

176
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?

A

Spinous precesses of last cervical (C-7) and first five thoacic vertabrae (T1-5)

177
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?

A

Medial border of scapula below the spine

178
Q

What are the primary actions of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

A

Abduction
Downward rotation
Elevation

179
Q

What exercises can be used to strengthen the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

A

Pullover
Bench press (last 5 to 10 degrees)
Overhead press

180
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

A

Surfaces of upper nine ribs at side of chest

181
Q

What is the INSERTION of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

A

Anterior aspect whole length of medial border of scapula

182
Q

What are the primary actions of the PECTORALIS MINOR?

A

Abduction
Downward rotation
Depression

183
Q

What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MINOR?

A

Bench press
Cable crossover
Dip

184
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MINOR?

A

Anterior surfaces of third to fifth rib

185
Q

What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MINOR?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

186
Q

What are the primary action of the SUBCLAVIUS?

A

Stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint

Depression

187
Q

What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBCLAVIUS?

A

Dip

Decline bench press (marginal)

188
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBCLAVIUS?

A

Superior aspect of first rib at its junction with its costal cartilage

189
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the SUBCLAVIUS?

A

Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle

190
Q

What bones are in the shoulder joint?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Humerous

191
Q

What joints are within the shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral joint

192
Q

What are the characteristics of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Its a multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint.

Lax ligaments provide mobility at the stake of stability

193
Q

What are the 10 primary movers of the shoulder joint?

A

Anterior:
Pectoralis major, Coracobrachialis, Subscapularis
Superior:
Deltoid, Supraspinatus
Posterior:
Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Teres minor
Infraspinatus

194
Q

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

A 
(SITS)
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres MINOR
Subscapularis
195
Q

What are the primary action of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?

A

Adduction

Internal rotation

196
Q

What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MAJOR?

A

Bench press
Fly
Cross-over

197
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?

A

Medial half of anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of costal cartilages of first six ribs, adjoining portion of sternum

198
Q

What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?

A

Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to outer lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

199
Q

What are the primary actions of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?

A

Flexion
Adduction
Horizontal adduction

200
Q

What exercises are used to strengthen the CORACOBRACHIALIS?

A

Bench press
Fly
Cross-over

201
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula

202
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?

A

Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft

203
Q

What are the primary actions of the SUBSCAPULARIS?

A

Internal rotation
Adduction
Extension
Stabilization of the humeral head

204
Q

What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBSCAPULARIS?

A

Internal rotation against resistance

205
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBSCAPULARIS?

A

Entire anterior surface of subscapular fossa

206
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the SUBSCAPULARIS?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

207
Q

What are the primary actions of the DELTOID?

A

Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension

208
Q

What exercises can be used to strengthen the DELTOID?

A 
Overhead press
Lateral raise
Upright row
Bench press (anterior)
Horizontal row (posterior)
209
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the DELTOID?

A

Anterior lateral third of the clavicel, lateral of the acromion, and the inferior edge of the spine of the scapula

210
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the DELTOID?

A

Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus

211
Q

What are the primary actions of the SUPRASPINATUS?

A

Weak abduction

Stabilization

212
Q

What exercised can be used to strengthen the SUPRASPINATUS?

A

Lateral raise with internal rotation of humerus

213
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the SUPRASPINATUS?

A

Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa

214
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the SUPRASPINATUS?

A

Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus

215
Q

What are the primary actions of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?

A

Extension
Horizontal abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation

216
Q

What exercises can be used to strengthen the LATISSIMUS DORSI?

A 
Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row
straight-arm pulldown
Pullover
Deadlift
Power clean
217
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?

A

Posterior crest ilium, back of sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracic vertabrae, slips from lower three ribs

218
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?

A

Medial side of intertubercular groove of the humerus

219
Q

What are the primary actions of the TERES MAJOR?

A

Extension
Internal rotation
Adduction

220
Q

What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERES MAJOR?

A

Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row

221
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MAJOR?

A

Inferior third of lateral border of scapula

222
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MAJOR?

A

Medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus

223
Q

What are the primary actions of the TERES MINOR?

A

Extension
External rotation
horizontal abduction
Stabilization (posterior)

224
Q

What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERE MINOR?

A

Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row

225
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MINOR?

A

Posterior scapula lateral border

226
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MINOR?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus on posterior side

227
Q

What are the primary actions of the INFRASPINATUS?

A

Extension
External rotation
horizontal abduction
Stabilization (posterior)

228
Q

What exercised can be used to strengthen the INFRASPINATUS?

A

Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row

229
Q

Where is the ORIGIN of the INFRASPINATUS?

A

Posterior surface of scapula below the spine

230
Q

Where is the INSERTION of the INFRASPINATUS?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side

A&P for Kinesiology (5 decks)

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