Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P for Kinesiology > A&P 1 > Flashcards

A&P 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

A

Form follows function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What system maintains boundaries?

A

Integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What system controls movement?

A

Musculoskeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What system controls responsiveness (irritability)?

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What system controls digestion and distribution?

A

Digestive and Cardiovascular systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What system controls excretion?

A

Digestive and Respiratory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What system is responsible for growth?

A

Excretory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What system controls the intake of nutrients?

A

Digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the components of a feedback loop?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the afferent pathway.

A

Input flows from the receptor to the control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the efferent pathway.

A

Output flows from the control center to the effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a positive feedback loop do?

A

The variable change enhances or aggravates initial stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

The variable change is opposite of the initial stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

regulation of blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A

regulation of blood volume

regulation of body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe superior (cranial).

A

toward the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe inferior (caudal).

A

away from the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe anterior (ventral)

A

front of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe posterior (dorsal).

A

back of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe medial.

A

toward the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe lateral.

A

away from the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe intermediate.

A

Halfway between medial and lateral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe proximal.

A

closer to the point of attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe distal.
further from the point of attachment
26
Describe superficial (external).
close to the surface
27
Describe deep (internal).
more internal than superficial
28
What axis is used with the frontal plane?
Anteroposterior (sagittal) axis
29
What axis is used with the sagittal plane?
Lateral (frontal) axis
30
What axis is used with the transverse plane?
Vertical (longitudinal) axis
31
What movements are in the sagittal plane?
``` Flexion Extension Circumduction (circumflexion) Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) Plantar flexion ```
32
Describe the sagittal plane.
the plane that cuts the body in equal right and left halves
33
Describe the frontal plane.
The plane that cuts the body into equal front and back halves.
34
Describe the transverse plane.
The plane that cuts the body into equal top and bottom halves.
35
Define flexion.
A decrease in the joint angle
36
Define extension.
An increase in the joint angle
37
Define circumduction (circumflexion).
A combination of movements that describes an arc/cone.
38
What is an example of circumduction?
Shoulder circles
39
Define dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion).
A decreased angle of the ankle joint.
40
What is an example of dorsiflexion?
Pull toes up
41
Define plantar flexion.
An increased angle of the ankle joint
42
What is the example of plantar flexion?
pointing toes
43
What movements are made in the frontal plane?
Abduction Adduction Lateral flexion
44
What movements are made in the transverse plane?
``` Internal rotation External rotation Pronation Supination Eversion Inversion ```
45
Define Lateral flexion.
a decrease in the joint angle in the frontal plane
46
Define internal rotation
A rotary movement toward the midline
47
Define external rotation.
A rotary movement away from the midline
48
Define pronation.
Internal rotation of the radius (palms down)
49
Define supination.
External rotation of the radius (palms up)
50
Define eversion.
A lateral movement of the foot (sole out)
51
Define inversion.
A medial movement of the foot (sole in)
52
Define abduction.
a lateral movement away from midline
53
Define adduction
a lateral movement towards the midline
54
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen fibers | Flexible and resilent
55
What are some examples of hyaline cartilage?
Nose articular cartilage of a joint costal cartilage
56
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
Stretchy and reslient
57
What is an example of elastic cartilage?
External ear
58
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Thick collagen with high tensile strength | Heavy weight-bearing
59
What are examples of fibrocartilage?
Cartilage in the intervertebral disc Meniscus Pubic symphysis
60
What is an example of a long bone?
Humerus | Femur
61
What is an example of a short bone?
trapezoid (in the hand)
62
What is an example of an irregular bone?
Vertebra
63
What is an example of a flat bone?
Sternum | ribs
64
What are the 8 sites of muscle and ligament attachments?
``` Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine Process ```
65
Where is one tuberosity located?
On the humerous
66
Define tuberosity.
A large rounded projection; may be roughened
67
Define a crest.
A narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
68
Where is one crest located?
On the illium
69
Where is one trochanter found?
On the femur
70
Define a trochanter.
A very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
71
Define a line.
A narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
72
Where is one line located?
On the illium
73
Define a tubercle.
A small rounded projection or process.
74
Where is a tubercle located?
On the proximal humerous.
75
Define an epicondyle.
A raised area on or above a condyle
76
Where is one epicondyle located?
On the distal humerous
77
Define a spine.
A sharp, slender, often pointed projection
78
Where can one spine be located?
on the scapula
79
Define a process.
Any bony prominence
80
Where is a process located?
On the distal radius
81
What are the 4 projections that help form joints?
Head Facet Condyle Ramus
82
What is a head?
A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
83
What is a facet?
A smooth, nearly flat articular projection.
84
What is a condyle?
A rounded articular projection
85
What is a ramus?
An armlike bar of the bone
86
Where is a head?
On the proximal humerous
87
Where is a facet?
On the patella
88
Where is a condyle?
On the distal femur
89
Where is a ramus?
On the pubis and the ischium
90
What are the 6 depressions and opening for blood vessels and nerves?
``` Meatus Sinus Fossa Groove Fissure Foramen ```
91
What is a meatus?
A canal-like passageway
92
What is a sinus?
A cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
93
What is a fossa?
A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
94
What is a groove?
A furrow
95
What is a fissure?
A narrow, slit-like opening
96
What is foramen?
A round or oval opening through a bone
97
What is an example of a meatus?
Haversian
98
What is an example of a sinus?
The nasal passageway
99
Where can one fossa be found?
On the scapula
100
Where is one groove located?
on the proximal humerous
101
Where is one fissure found?
On the spinal cord
102
Where can a foramen be found?
On the ischium and pubis
103
What are the 7 types of skeletal muscle?
``` Convergent Parallel Unipennate Bipennate Fusiform Multipennate circular ```
104
What is the origin?
Where is muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone.
105
What is the insertion?
Where is the muscle is attached to the movable bone.
106
What is a convergent muscle?
A muscle that has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.
107
What is a parallel muscle?
A muscle in which the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. these are often straplike
108
What is a fusiform muscle?
A spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly; also classified as spindle shaped.
109
What is a unipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to one side of a central tendon.
110
What is a bipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of a central tendon.
111
What is a multipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of many tendons that converge to form one large tendon.
112
What is an example of a circular muscle?
Orbicularis oris
113
What is an example of a convergent muscle?
Pectoralis major
114
What is an example of a parallel muscle?
Sartorius
115
What is an example of an unipennate muscle?
Extensor digitorum longus
116
What is an example of a bipennate muscle?
Rectus femoris
117
What is an example of a fusiform muscle?
Biceps brachii
118
What is an example of a multipennate muscle?
Deltoid
119
What is an example of an isotonic contraction?
a bicep curl (concentric)
120
What is an example of an isometric contraction?
holding a plank position
121
What are the types of an isotonic (dynamic) contraction?
Concentric | Eccentric
122
Define an isotonic (dynamic) contraction.
The muscle develops tension as it changes length
123
What is a concentric contraction?
The muscle shortens
124
What is an eccentric contraction?
The muscle lengthens
125
Define an isometric (static) contraction.
The muscle develops tension, but does not change length
126
Define an isokenetic contraction.
An isotonic contraction at a constant velocity
127
What are the 5 roles of muscles?
``` Agonist Antagonist stabilizer synergist neutralizer ```
128
What is an agonist?
the prime mover responsible for joint motion during contraction.
129
What is an antagonist?
A muscle located opposit the agonist and have the opposite action.
130
What is a stabilizer?
A muscle that surrounds the joint or body part and serves as fixators or stabilizers during a contraction
131
What is a synergist?
A muscle that assists the agonist, but is not a prime mover.
132
What is a neutralizer?
A muscle that counteracts the action of the other muscles to prevent undesired movements
133
Define synarthroses.
an immovable joint
134
What are the fibrous joints?
Suture | Sydemoses
135
Where can a suture joint be found?
On the skull
136
Define Amphiarthroses.
a slightly movable joint
137
Where can a sydemoses joint be found?
in the ankle
138
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint
139
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
``` Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condyloid joint Saddle joint Ball-and-socket joint ```
140
What is a sydemoses joint?
A joint in which the bones are connected by a ligament, cord, or other tissue.
141
What is a synchondrosis joint?
A joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
142
What type of joint is a synchondrosis joint?
an amphiarthrosis, cartilaginous joint
143
What are some examples of a synchondrosis joint?
Epiphyseal plates first rib and sternum Intervertebral discs
144
Define diarthrosis.
a freely movable joint
145
What are some examples of a diarthrosis joint?
Knees and shoulders
146
What are the structures of a synovial joint?
Articular cartilage Synovial cavity (with synovial fluid) Articular capsule (a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane) Reinforcing ligaments
147
What is an important fact about the bursa and tendon sheaths?
Bursa and tendon sheaths act as lubricants to reduce friction in a joint.
148
What are the characteristics of a plane joint?
Allows slipping or gliding No axis of rotation Nonaxial
149
What is an example of a plane joint?
Intercarpel joints
150
What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?
Allow motion along a single plane Acts like a mechanical hinge Uniaxial
151
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Bending and straightening the elbow and interphalangeal joints
152
What are the characteristics of a pivot joint?
allows rotation around its own long axis | Uniaxial
153
What is an example of a pivot joint?
The proximal radius
154
What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?
Permists all angular motions with greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints Biaxial
155
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Carpometacarpel joint of the thumb
156
What are the characteristics of a condyloid joint?
Permits some angular movement | biaxial
157
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
Knuckle
158
What are the characteristics of a ball-and-socket joint?
The most freely moving joint Permits movement in all axis' and planes multiaxial
159
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder
160
What bones are in the shoulder girdle?
Scapula | Clavicle
161
What are the 3 joints in the shoulder girdle?
Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Scapulothoracic
162
What are the 5 primary movers in the shoulder girdle?
Anterior: pectoralis minor serratus anterior Posterior: trapezius rhomboid levator scapula
163
What is the movement of the sternoclavicular joint?
It is multiaxial
164
What kind of movements are permitted in the acromioclavicular joint?
gliding and rotational movement
165
What movements are permitted in the scapulothoracic joint?
Movement is dependant on the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
166
What are the primary actions of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Elevation | lateral neck flexion
167
What are the exercises that can strengthen the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Shoulder shrug Power clean Lateral neck flexion
168
What are the primary movements of the TRAPEZIUS?
Elevation and adduction Depression Fixation of the scapula Stabilization of the glenoid fossa
169
What are the exercises that can strengthen the TRAPEZIUS?
``` Shoulder shrug Power clean Side lateral raise Upright row Lateral (horizontal) row ```
170
Where is the ORIGIN of the TRAPEZIUS?
Base of skull, occipital protuberance, posterior ligaments of neck, spinous processes of cervical (C7) and all thoracic vertebrae (T1-12)
171
Where is the INSERTION of the TRAPEZIUS?
Posterior aspect of lateral third clavicle, medial border of acromion process & upper border of scapular spine, triangular space at base of scapular spine
172
Where is the ORIGIN of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Transvers processes of upper cervical vertebrae (C1-4)
173
Where is the INSERTION of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Medial border of the scapula above the spine
174
What are the primary actions of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Adduction Downward rotation Elevation
175
What exercises strengthen the RHOMBOID?
Chin ups Upright row Lateral (horizontal) row
176
What is the ORIGIN of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Spinous precesses of last cervical (C-7) and first five thoacic vertabrae (T1-5)
177
Where is the INSERTION of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Medial border of scapula below the spine
178
What are the primary actions of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Abduction Downward rotation Elevation
179
What exercises can be used to strengthen the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Pullover Bench press (last 5 to 10 degrees) Overhead press
180
What is the ORIGIN of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Surfaces of upper nine ribs at side of chest
181
What is the INSERTION of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Anterior aspect whole length of medial border of scapula
182
What are the primary actions of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Abduction Downward rotation Depression
183
What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Bench press Cable crossover Dip
184
What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Anterior surfaces of third to fifth rib
185
What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Coracoid process of scapula
186
What are the primary action of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint | Depression
187
What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBCLAVIUS?
Dip | Decline bench press (marginal)
188
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Superior aspect of first rib at its junction with its costal cartilage
189
Where is the INSERTION of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle
190
What bones are in the shoulder joint?
Scapula Clavicle Humerous
191
What joints are within the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint
192
What are the characteristics of the glenohumeral joint?
Its a multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint. | Lax ligaments provide mobility at the stake of stability
193
What are the 10 primary movers of the shoulder joint?
Anterior: Pectoralis major, Coracobrachialis, Subscapularis Superior: Deltoid, Supraspinatus Posterior: Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Teres minor Infraspinatus
194
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?
``` (SITS) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres MINOR Subscapularis ```
195
What are the primary action of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Adduction | Internal rotation
196
What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Bench press Fly Cross-over
197
What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Medial half of anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of costal cartilages of first six ribs, adjoining portion of sternum
198
What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to outer lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
199
What are the primary actions of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Flexion Adduction Horizontal adduction
200
What exercises are used to strengthen the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Bench press Fly Cross-over
201
Where is the ORIGIN of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Coracoid process of the scapula
202
Where is the INSERTION of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
203
What are the primary actions of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Internal rotation Adduction Extension Stabilization of the humeral head
204
What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Internal rotation against resistance
205
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Entire anterior surface of subscapular fossa
206
Where is the INSERTION of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
207
What are the primary actions of the DELTOID?
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension
208
What exercises can be used to strengthen the DELTOID?
``` Overhead press Lateral raise Upright row Bench press (anterior) Horizontal row (posterior) ```
209
Where is the ORIGIN of the DELTOID?
Anterior lateral third of the clavicel, lateral of the acromion, and the inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
210
Where is the INSERTION of the DELTOID?
Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus
211
What are the primary actions of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Weak abduction | Stabilization
212
What exercised can be used to strengthen the SUPRASPINATUS?
Lateral raise with internal rotation of humerus
213
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
214
Where is the INSERTION of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
215
What are the primary actions of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Extension Horizontal abduction Adduction Internal rotation
216
What exercises can be used to strengthen the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
``` Lat pull Chinning Horizontal row straight-arm pulldown Pullover Deadlift Power clean ```
217
Where is the ORIGIN of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Posterior crest ilium, back of sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracic vertabrae, slips from lower three ribs
218
Where is the INSERTION of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Medial side of intertubercular groove of the humerus
219
What are the primary actions of the TERES MAJOR?
Extension Internal rotation Adduction
220
What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERES MAJOR?
Lat pull Chinning Horizontal row
221
Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MAJOR?
Inferior third of lateral border of scapula
222
Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MAJOR?
Medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus
223
What are the primary actions of the TERES MINOR?
Extension External rotation horizontal abduction Stabilization (posterior)
224
What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERE MINOR?
Lat pull Chinning Horizontal row
225
Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MINOR?
Posterior scapula lateral border
226
Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MINOR?
Greater tubercle of the humerus on posterior side
227
What are the primary actions of the INFRASPINATUS?
Extension External rotation horizontal abduction Stabilization (posterior)
228
What exercised can be used to strengthen the INFRASPINATUS?
Lat pull Chinning Horizontal row
229
Where is the ORIGIN of the INFRASPINATUS?
Posterior surface of scapula below the spine
230
Where is the INSERTION of the INFRASPINATUS?
Greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side

A&P for Kinesiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions