A&P 1 Flashcards
What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Form follows function
What system maintains boundaries?
Integumentary system
What system controls movement?
Musculoskeletal system
What system controls responsiveness (irritability)?
Nervous system
What system controls digestion and distribution?
Digestive and Cardiovascular systems
What system controls excretion?
Digestive and Respiratory systems
What system is responsible for growth?
Excretory system
What system controls the intake of nutrients?
Digestive system
What is the definition of homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
What are the components of a feedback loop?
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Describe the afferent pathway.
Input flows from the receptor to the control center
Describe the efferent pathway.
Output flows from the control center to the effector
What does a positive feedback loop do?
The variable change enhances or aggravates initial stimulus.
What does a negative feedback loop do?
The variable change is opposite of the initial stimulus.
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
regulation of blood clotting
What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
regulation of blood volume
regulation of body temperature
Describe superior (cranial).
toward the head
Describe inferior (caudal).
away from the head
Describe anterior (ventral)
front of the body
Describe posterior (dorsal).
back of the body
Describe medial.
toward the midline of the body
Describe lateral.
away from the midline of the body
Describe intermediate.
Halfway between medial and lateral.
Describe proximal.
closer to the point of attachment
Describe distal.
further from the point of attachment
Describe superficial (external).
close to the surface
Describe deep (internal).
more internal than superficial
What axis is used with the frontal plane?
Anteroposterior (sagittal) axis
What axis is used with the sagittal plane?
Lateral (frontal) axis
What axis is used with the transverse plane?
Vertical (longitudinal) axis
What movements are in the sagittal plane?
Flexion Extension Circumduction (circumflexion) Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) Plantar flexion
Describe the sagittal plane.
the plane that cuts the body in equal right and left halves
Describe the frontal plane.
The plane that cuts the body into equal front and back halves.
Describe the transverse plane.
The plane that cuts the body into equal top and bottom halves.
Define flexion.
A decrease in the joint angle
Define extension.
An increase in the joint angle
Define circumduction (circumflexion).
A combination of movements that describes an arc/cone.
What is an example of circumduction?
Shoulder circles
Define dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion).
A decreased angle of the ankle joint.
What is an example of dorsiflexion?
Pull toes up
Define plantar flexion.
An increased angle of the ankle joint
What is the example of plantar flexion?
pointing toes
What movements are made in the frontal plane?
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral flexion
What movements are made in the transverse plane?
Internal rotation External rotation Pronation Supination Eversion Inversion
Define Lateral flexion.
a decrease in the joint angle in the frontal plane
Define internal rotation
A rotary movement toward the midline
Define external rotation.
A rotary movement away from the midline
Define pronation.
Internal rotation of the radius (palms down)
Define supination.
External rotation of the radius (palms up)
Define eversion.
A lateral movement of the foot (sole out)
Define inversion.
A medial movement of the foot (sole in)
Define abduction.
a lateral movement away from midline
Define adduction
a lateral movement towards the midline
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen fibers
Flexible and resilent
What are some examples of hyaline cartilage?
Nose
articular cartilage of a joint
costal cartilage
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
Stretchy and reslient
What is an example of elastic cartilage?
External ear
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Thick collagen with high tensile strength
Heavy weight-bearing
What are examples of fibrocartilage?
Cartilage in the intervertebral disc
Meniscus
Pubic symphysis
What is an example of a long bone?
Humerus
Femur
What is an example of a short bone?
trapezoid (in the hand)
What is an example of an irregular bone?
Vertebra
What is an example of a flat bone?
Sternum
ribs
What are the 8 sites of muscle and ligament attachments?
Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine Process
Where is one tuberosity located?
On the humerous
Define tuberosity.
A large rounded projection; may be roughened
Define a crest.
A narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Where is one crest located?
On the illium
Where is one trochanter found?
On the femur
Define a trochanter.
A very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
Define a line.
A narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Where is one line located?
On the illium
Define a tubercle.
A small rounded projection or process.
Where is a tubercle located?
On the proximal humerous.
Define an epicondyle.
A raised area on or above a condyle
Where is one epicondyle located?
On the distal humerous
Define a spine.
A sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Where can one spine be located?
on the scapula
Define a process.
Any bony prominence
Where is a process located?
On the distal radius
What are the 4 projections that help form joints?
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
What is a head?
A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
What is a facet?
A smooth, nearly flat articular projection.
What is a condyle?
A rounded articular projection
What is a ramus?
An armlike bar of the bone
Where is a head?
On the proximal humerous
Where is a facet?
On the patella
Where is a condyle?
On the distal femur
Where is a ramus?
On the pubis and the ischium
What are the 6 depressions and opening for blood vessels and nerves?
Meatus Sinus Fossa Groove Fissure Foramen
What is a meatus?
A canal-like passageway
What is a sinus?
A cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
What is a fossa?
A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
What is a groove?
A furrow
What is a fissure?
A narrow, slit-like opening
What is foramen?
A round or oval opening through a bone
What is an example of a meatus?
Haversian
What is an example of a sinus?
The nasal passageway
Where can one fossa be found?
On the scapula
Where is one groove located?
on the proximal humerous
Where is one fissure found?
On the spinal cord
Where can a foramen be found?
On the ischium and pubis
What are the 7 types of skeletal muscle?
Convergent Parallel Unipennate Bipennate Fusiform Multipennate circular
What is the origin?
Where is muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone.
What is the insertion?
Where is the muscle is attached to the movable bone.
What is a convergent muscle?
A muscle that has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.
What is a parallel muscle?
A muscle in which the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. these are often straplike
What is a fusiform muscle?
A spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly; also classified as spindle shaped.
What is a unipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to one side of a central tendon.
What is a bipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of a central tendon.
What is a multipennate muscle?
A muscle in which the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to both sides of many tendons that converge to form one large tendon.
What is an example of a circular muscle?
Orbicularis oris
What is an example of a convergent muscle?
Pectoralis major
What is an example of a parallel muscle?
Sartorius
What is an example of an unipennate muscle?
Extensor digitorum longus
What is an example of a bipennate muscle?
Rectus femoris
What is an example of a fusiform muscle?
Biceps brachii
What is an example of a multipennate muscle?
Deltoid
What is an example of an isotonic contraction?
a bicep curl (concentric)
What is an example of an isometric contraction?
holding a plank position
What are the types of an isotonic (dynamic) contraction?
Concentric
Eccentric
Define an isotonic (dynamic) contraction.
The muscle develops tension as it changes length
What is a concentric contraction?
The muscle shortens
What is an eccentric contraction?
The muscle lengthens
Define an isometric (static) contraction.
The muscle develops tension, but does not change length
Define an isokenetic contraction.
An isotonic contraction at a constant velocity
What are the 5 roles of muscles?
Agonist Antagonist stabilizer synergist neutralizer
What is an agonist?
the prime mover responsible for joint motion during contraction.
What is an antagonist?
A muscle located opposit the agonist and have the opposite action.
What is a stabilizer?
A muscle that surrounds the joint or body part and serves as fixators or stabilizers during a contraction
What is a synergist?
A muscle that assists the agonist, but is not a prime mover.
What is a neutralizer?
A muscle that counteracts the action of the other muscles to prevent undesired movements
Define synarthroses.
an immovable joint
What are the fibrous joints?
Suture
Sydemoses
Where can a suture joint be found?
On the skull
Define Amphiarthroses.
a slightly movable joint
Where can a sydemoses joint be found?
in the ankle
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condyloid joint Saddle joint Ball-and-socket joint
What is a sydemoses joint?
A joint in which the bones are connected by a ligament, cord, or other tissue.
What is a synchondrosis joint?
A joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
What type of joint is a synchondrosis joint?
an amphiarthrosis, cartilaginous joint
What are some examples of a synchondrosis joint?
Epiphyseal plates
first rib and sternum
Intervertebral discs
Define diarthrosis.
a freely movable joint
What are some examples of a diarthrosis joint?
Knees and shoulders
What are the structures of a synovial joint?
Articular cartilage
Synovial cavity (with synovial fluid)
Articular capsule (a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane)
Reinforcing ligaments
What is an important fact about the bursa and tendon sheaths?
Bursa and tendon sheaths act as lubricants to reduce friction in a joint.
What are the characteristics of a plane joint?
Allows slipping or gliding
No axis of rotation
Nonaxial
What is an example of a plane joint?
Intercarpel joints
What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?
Allow motion along a single plane
Acts like a mechanical hinge
Uniaxial
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Bending and straightening the elbow and interphalangeal joints
What are the characteristics of a pivot joint?
allows rotation around its own long axis
Uniaxial
What is an example of a pivot joint?
The proximal radius
What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?
Permists all angular motions with greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
Biaxial
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Carpometacarpel joint of the thumb
What are the characteristics of a condyloid joint?
Permits some angular movement
biaxial
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
Knuckle
What are the characteristics of a ball-and-socket joint?
The most freely moving joint
Permits movement in all axis’ and planes
multiaxial
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder
What bones are in the shoulder girdle?
Scapula
Clavicle
What are the 3 joints in the shoulder girdle?
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Scapulothoracic
What are the 5 primary movers in the shoulder girdle?
Anterior:
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
Posterior:
trapezius
rhomboid
levator scapula
What is the movement of the sternoclavicular joint?
It is multiaxial
What kind of movements are permitted in the acromioclavicular joint?
gliding and rotational movement
What movements are permitted in the scapulothoracic joint?
Movement is dependant on the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
What are the primary actions of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Elevation
lateral neck flexion
What are the exercises that can strengthen the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Shoulder shrug
Power clean
Lateral neck flexion
What are the primary movements of the TRAPEZIUS?
Elevation and adduction
Depression
Fixation of the scapula
Stabilization of the glenoid fossa
What are the exercises that can strengthen the TRAPEZIUS?
Shoulder shrug Power clean Side lateral raise Upright row Lateral (horizontal) row
Where is the ORIGIN of the TRAPEZIUS?
Base of skull, occipital protuberance, posterior ligaments of neck, spinous processes of cervical (C7) and all thoracic vertebrae (T1-12)
Where is the INSERTION of the TRAPEZIUS?
Posterior aspect of lateral third clavicle, medial border of acromion process & upper border of scapular spine, triangular space at base of scapular spine
Where is the ORIGIN of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Transvers processes of upper cervical vertebrae (C1-4)
Where is the INSERTION of the LEVATOR SCAPULAE?
Medial border of the scapula above the spine
What are the primary actions of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Adduction
Downward rotation
Elevation
What exercises strengthen the RHOMBOID?
Chin ups
Upright row
Lateral (horizontal) row
What is the ORIGIN of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Spinous precesses of last cervical (C-7) and first five thoacic vertabrae (T1-5)
Where is the INSERTION of the RHOMBOID- major and minor?
Medial border of scapula below the spine
What are the primary actions of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Abduction
Downward rotation
Elevation
What exercises can be used to strengthen the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Pullover
Bench press (last 5 to 10 degrees)
Overhead press
What is the ORIGIN of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Surfaces of upper nine ribs at side of chest
What is the INSERTION of the SERRATUS ANTERIOR?
Anterior aspect whole length of medial border of scapula
What are the primary actions of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Abduction
Downward rotation
Depression
What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Bench press
Cable crossover
Dip
What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Anterior surfaces of third to fifth rib
What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MINOR?
Coracoid process of scapula
What are the primary action of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint
Depression
What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBCLAVIUS?
Dip
Decline bench press (marginal)
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Superior aspect of first rib at its junction with its costal cartilage
Where is the INSERTION of the SUBCLAVIUS?
Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle
What bones are in the shoulder joint?
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerous
What joints are within the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint
What are the characteristics of the glenohumeral joint?
Its a multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint.
Lax ligaments provide mobility at the stake of stability
What are the 10 primary movers of the shoulder joint?
Anterior:
Pectoralis major, Coracobrachialis, Subscapularis
Superior:
Deltoid, Supraspinatus
Posterior:
Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Teres minor
Infraspinatus
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?
(SITS) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres MINOR Subscapularis
What are the primary action of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Adduction
Internal rotation
What exercises are used to strengthen the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Bench press
Fly
Cross-over
What is the ORIGIN of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Medial half of anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of costal cartilages of first six ribs, adjoining portion of sternum
What is the INSERTION of the PECTORALIS MAJOR?
Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to outer lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
What are the primary actions of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Flexion
Adduction
Horizontal adduction
What exercises are used to strengthen the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Bench press
Fly
Cross-over
Where is the ORIGIN of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Coracoid process of the scapula
Where is the INSERTION of the CORACOBRACHIALIS?
Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft
What are the primary actions of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Internal rotation
Adduction
Extension
Stabilization of the humeral head
What exercises are used to strengthen the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Internal rotation against resistance
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Entire anterior surface of subscapular fossa
Where is the INSERTION of the SUBSCAPULARIS?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
What are the primary actions of the DELTOID?
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
What exercises can be used to strengthen the DELTOID?
Overhead press Lateral raise Upright row Bench press (anterior) Horizontal row (posterior)
Where is the ORIGIN of the DELTOID?
Anterior lateral third of the clavicel, lateral of the acromion, and the inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
Where is the INSERTION of the DELTOID?
Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus
What are the primary actions of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Weak abduction
Stabilization
What exercised can be used to strengthen the SUPRASPINATUS?
Lateral raise with internal rotation of humerus
Where is the ORIGIN of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa
Where is the INSERTION of the SUPRASPINATUS?
Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
What are the primary actions of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Extension
Horizontal abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
What exercises can be used to strengthen the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Lat pull Chinning Horizontal row straight-arm pulldown Pullover Deadlift Power clean
Where is the ORIGIN of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Posterior crest ilium, back of sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracic vertabrae, slips from lower three ribs
Where is the INSERTION of the LATISSIMUS DORSI?
Medial side of intertubercular groove of the humerus
What are the primary actions of the TERES MAJOR?
Extension
Internal rotation
Adduction
What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERES MAJOR?
Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row
Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MAJOR?
Inferior third of lateral border of scapula
Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MAJOR?
Medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus
What are the primary actions of the TERES MINOR?
Extension
External rotation
horizontal abduction
Stabilization (posterior)
What exercises can be used to strengthen the TERE MINOR?
Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row
Where is the ORIGIN of the TERES MINOR?
Posterior scapula lateral border
Where is the INSERTION of the TERES MINOR?
Greater tubercle of the humerus on posterior side
What are the primary actions of the INFRASPINATUS?
Extension
External rotation
horizontal abduction
Stabilization (posterior)
What exercised can be used to strengthen the INFRASPINATUS?
Lat pull
Chinning
Horizontal row
Where is the ORIGIN of the INFRASPINATUS?
Posterior surface of scapula below the spine
Where is the INSERTION of the INFRASPINATUS?
Greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side
