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hesi a2 > a&p 2 > Flashcards

a&p 2 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s maintenance of a stable environment

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2
Q

receptors

A

molecule or cell that provides information about the environment

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3
Q

control center (and set point)

A

indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)

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4
Q

effectors

A

What elicits a response that alters conditions within the body’s internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)

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5
Q

negative feedback

A

When receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance is called ………

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6
Q

positive feedback

A

Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes, is called…… (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)

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7
Q

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

A

Levels of organization

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8
Q

organelle

A

Cell components that perform a specific function

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9
Q

cells

A

Basic unit of structure and function

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10
Q

tissues

A

Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions

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11
Q

organs

A

Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of tissues)

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12
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs that function together closely

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13
Q

Organism

A

Comprised of an interacting organ system

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14
Q

superior

A

above, or closer to the head

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15
Q

inferior

A

below, or closer to the feet

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16
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward the front

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17
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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18
Q

medial

A

Toward the midline

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19
Q

lateral

A

Away from the midline (closer to the sides)

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20
Q

Median (saggital) plane

A

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left portions

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21
Q

Coronal/Frontal plane

A

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

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22
Q

Transverse (cross-sectional)

A

Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior

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23
Q

Dorsal cavities (near the back)

A

Cranial and spinal cavity

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24
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Cavity that contains the brain

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25
Q

Spinal cavity (vertebral)

A

Cavity that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae

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26
Q

orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, mediastinum, pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic (peritoneal)

A

Ventral cavities (near the front of the body)

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27
Q

orbits

A

Cavity that contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

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28
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Cavity that is divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; air-filled sphenoid and frontal sinuses

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29
Q

Oral cavity

A

Cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

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30
Q

thoracic cavity

A

Cavity that contains the lungs (chest cavity)

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31
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

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32
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

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33
Q

middle ear cavities

A

Cavity containing the incus, malleus, stapes

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34
Q

Pleural cavities (lungs)

A

Cavities (right and left) that are the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

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35
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis; includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

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36
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Cavity that is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes

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37
Q

Pleural membranes (parietal is the outside layer that lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, covering the lung)

A

Body cavity membrane: which is a serous membrane that lines the lungs

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38
Q

Pericardial (parietal is the outside layer which lines the mediastinum, visceral is the inside layer, covering the heart)

A

Body cavity membrane: which serous membrane lines the heart?

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39
Q

Peritoneal membranes (parietal is the outside layer which lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, lining the organs)

A

Body cavity membrane: Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

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40
Q

epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue

A

Four major tissue types

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41
Q

epithelial

A

Which type of tissue is found throughout the body and covers the body, lines organs, found in the inner lining of body cavities and hollow organs?

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42
Q

epithelial

A

Which type of tissue always has an apical (free) surface exposed to an open space (inside or outside)?

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43
Q

basement membrane

A

What nonliving membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue?

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44
Q

TRUE

A

T/F Epithelial cells lack blood vessels, so they are supplied by underlying connective tissues

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45
Q

protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

A

Functions of epithelial tissue

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46
Q

simple squamos

A

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of thin, flattened cells that is thin and delicate, easily damaged?

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47
Q

diffusion and filtration

A

Simple squamos tissue is common at sites where _ and _ occur, since substances pass through easily.

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48
Q

Simple squamos

A

Alveoli, walls of capillaries, inside the blood and lymph vessels, and membrane coverings in the cavities is where you can find this type of epithelial tissue.

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49
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

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50
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Which type of epithelial tissue lines follicles of thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and ducts of glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)?

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51
Q
  • tubular secretion and reabsorption
  • secretes glandular products
A

Simple cuboidal cells function in _ and _ and _

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52
Q

Simple columnar

A

Which type of epithelial tissue is either ciliated or nonciliated single layer of elongated cells, which form a good protective layer?

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53
Q

portions of the GI tract

A

Nonciliated simple columnar cells are found where?

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54
Q
  • secreting digestive fluids
  • absorbing nutrients

microvilli for absorption
goblet cells that secrete mucus onto free surfaces (excretion)

A

Functions of simple columnar cells include

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55
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

Which type of epithelial tissue appears stratified, but isn’t, and is commonly ciliated?

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56
Q
  • lining of the respiratory system
  • the cilia that sweep away the mucus that goblet cells create.
A

Examples of pseudostratified columnar tissue is…

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57
Q

Stratified squamos

A

Type of epithelial tissue that is very thick and made up of many layers, that makes up the epidermis (skin)?

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58
Q

In the lining of:
- oral cavity
- esophagus
- vagina
- anal canal

A

Where else is stratified squamos tissue found?

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59
Q

keratin

A

Protein that produces a covering of dry, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping and microorganisms from entering the epidermis

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60
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

This type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen (space within a tube)

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61
Q

Lines larger ducts of:
- mammary glands
- sweat glands
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- developing ovaries
- seminiferous tubules

A

Stratified cuboidal is found where?

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62
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Which type of epithelial tissue is several layers of columnar cells, in which the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cuboidal?

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63
Q
  • Lines part of the male urethra
  • ductus deferens
  • parts of the pharynx
A

Stratified columnar tissue is found where?

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64
Q

Transitional

A

Type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension. It lines the urinary bladder and prevents the contents of the bladder from diffusing back into the internal environment.

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65
Q

Glandular

A

Tissue that is specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

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66
Q

columnar and cuboidal

A

Glandular cells are usually found within which two types of epithelium?

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67
Q

gland

A

Two or more glandular cells compose a?

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68
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Which type of gland secretes into a duct that opens onto an open surface? (skin or GI tract)?

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69
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Which type of gland secretes into tissue fluid or blood?

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70
Q

Merocrine gland

A

which type of gland releases fluids by exocytosis?

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71
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Which type of gland loses small portions of glandular cell bodies during secretion?

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72
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Which type of gland secretes entire cells along with fluids?

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73
Q

membrane

A

Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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74
Q

mucuous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

A

The four types of membranes are:

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75
Q

synovial membrane

A

Which membrane type lines the joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue?

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76
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Which type of membrane lines tubes that open to the outside of the body, in which there are goblet cells inbetween epithelial cells that secrete mucous? (type of epithelium varies)

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77
Q

Serous membranes

A

Which type of membrane lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside and functions to reduce friction.

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78
Q

serous membranes

A

Which membrane secretes watery serous fluid?

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79
Q

serous membranes

A

Which membrane forms the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and is also composed of simple squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue?

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80
Q

cutaneous

A

Which membrane is “skin”

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81
Q

connective

A

What is the most abundant tissue type by weight?

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82
Q

Connective tissue

A

Which tissue provides framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissue damage?

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83
Q

glands and membranes

A

Epithelial tissue forms?

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84
Q

connective tissue

A

Blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all examples of ……….

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85
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Protein fibers and ground substance between cells in connective tissue is called ___

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86
Q

fixed cells

A

Cells that remain in their place

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87
Q

Wandering cells

A

Cells that reside in different places in the body (do not remain in place)

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88
Q

fibroblasts

A

Star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix, found in connective tissue.

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89
Q

macrophages

A

What type of cell originates as a white blood cell, is usually attached to fibers in connective tissue but can detach, and functions as a scavenger cell (phagocytosis)?

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90
Q

mast cells

A

What type of cell is usually found near blood vessels in connective tissue and secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting?

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91
Q

mast cell

A

Which cell releases histamine?

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92
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

What are thick threads of collagen with great tensile strength? They are often found in components of body parts which hold structures together, such as ligaments and tendons.

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93
Q

dense connective tissue

A

Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers

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94
Q

loose connective tissue

A

Tissue with sparse collagenous fibers

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95
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Which fibers are composed of a spring-like protein called elastin, and are yellow fibers?

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96
Q

elastic

A

What type of fiber is common in body parts that stretch such as the vocal cards and respiratory system?

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97
Q

reticular fibers

A

What are thin collagenous fibers that are delicate supporting networks, such as in the spleen?

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98
Q

Areolar tissue

A

What is the name for the connective tissue that forms delicate, thin membranes that binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles? (type of connective tissue)

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99
Q

reticular fibers

A

What fibers form the delicate supporting framework for certain internal organs, e.g. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

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100
Q

cartilage

A

What type of connective tissue is rigid and provides support, frameworks, and attachments?

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101
Q

cartilage

A

______ protects underlying tissues and forms structural models for bones.

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102
Q

chondrocytes

A

What are cartilage cells called?

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103
Q

cartilage

A

Which type of connective tissue has an extensive extracellular matrix which is largely composed of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance?

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104
Q

lacunae

A

small chambers where chondrocytes are found

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105
Q

perichondrium

A

A cartilaginous structure is enclosed in a covering of connective tissue called _________, which contains the blood vessels.

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106
Q

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

A

The three types of cartilage

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107
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

Most common type of cartilage

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108
Q

elastic cartilage

A

What type of cartilage is most flexible?

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109
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Which type of cartilage is the toughest?

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110
Q

elastic cartilage

A

Which type of cartilage is composed of a dense network of elastic fibers, and makes up the external ears and parts of the larynx?

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111
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Which type of cartilage is composed of very find collagenous fibers, is found on the ends of bones and the soft parts of bones?

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112
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Which type of cartilage is used as a shock absorber such as inbetween vertebral discs, and is also used to cushion bones in the knees and pelvic girdle?

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113
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

Bones begin as ______ during embryonic development.

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114
Q

Bone

A

What is the most rigid connective tissue?

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115
Q

abundant collagenous fibers and mineral salts

A

Bone is composed of?

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116
Q

red bone marrow

A

______ of bone forms red blood cells and is also used to store and release inorganic chemicals like calcium and phosphorous

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117
Q

osteoblasts

A

What are the bone-forming cells?

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118
Q

mineral salts

A

Bone gets its hardness from ______

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119
Q

Central canal

A

Tiny channel in bone tissue that contains blood vessels (also called Haversian canal), which osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix concentrically cluster around.

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120
Q

Lamellae

A

A layer of extracellular matrix in bone tissue (layers of bone)

121
Q

calcium and phosphorous

A

Bone stores and releases which two inorganic chemicals?

122
Q

osteocytes

A

Once osteoblasts are surrounded by the bone matrix (lamellae), they become fixed and are known as ______.

123
Q

Canaliculi

A

_______ are cytoplasmic processes that extend outward and pass through minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone. Gap junctions connect them to membranes of surrounding cells, allowing materials to mvoe rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells.

124
Q

Blood

A

Type of connective tissue that consits of cells suspended in plasma

125
Q

red blood cell

A

blood cell that transports gases

126
Q

white blood cell (leukocytes)

A

blood cell that fights infection

127
Q

clotting

A

Function of platelets

128
Q

formed elements of blood

A

What forms in the hematopoietic tissues in the red bone marrow?

129
Q

adipose tissue

A

Fat tissue

130
Q

Fat

A

________ forms when adipocytes stores fat in their cytoplasm

131
Q

adipose tissue

A

______ forms beneath the skin, in the spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, in the abdominal membranes, the surface of the heart, and some joints.

132
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Type of connective tissue that is very strong, forms parts of tendons and ligaments (can withstand a lot of pulling), and has poor blood supply.

133
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Type of connective tissue that is randomly organized and can sustain tension exerted from multiple directions. It is found in the dermis.

134
Q

muscle tissue

A

What major type of tissue is classified as voluntary and involuntary?

135
Q

voluntary

A

Skeletel muscles are controlled by conscious effort and are called __________

136
Q

involuntary

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue can not be controlled by conscious effort and is called _____

137
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

Type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones, has multinucleated cells, and is thin and narrow, with alternating light and dark striations.

138
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

Type of muscle tissue that lacks striations, has a single nucleus, and lines the walls of hollow internal organs (e.g. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, bladder).

139
Q

smooth muscle

A

______ moves food through the digestive tract, constricts blood vessels, and empties urinary bladder

140
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

Type of muscle tissue found only in the heart, which forms the bulk of the heart and helps pump blood through it.

141
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Major type of tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

142
Q

neurons

A

Basic cells of nerve tissue

143
Q

axons

A

Nerve tissue transmits nerve impulses along cellular processes called ______ to other neurons or to muscles or glands

144
Q

neuroglia

A

_____ bind and support the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

145
Q

nucleus

A

Cell organelle that is large, spherical, and contains DNA

146
Q

chromosomes

A

Cell organelle that consists of loosely coiled fibers in nuclear fluid (in the nucleus). The fibers contain DNA molecules wrapped around histones

147
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cell organelle that is composed of protein and RNA, which links amino acids to form proteins. They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER.

148
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Cell organelle that participates in protein and lipid molecule synthesis

149
Q

rough ER

A

ER that synthesizes protein

150
Q

smooth ER

A

ER that synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats from the digestive tract, and breaks down drugs

151
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Cell organelle that prepares cellular products for excretion by exocytosis.

152
Q

Lysosomes

A

Garbage disposal of the cell. Contains more than 40 types of enzymes that dismantle debris. The enzymes work only in very acidic conditions, which keep it from destroying other celular contents.

153
Q

inclusions (vacuoles)

A

Inert chemicals within the cytoplasm of a cell.

154
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, where the final step of ATP synthesis occurs.

155
Q

Cell / plasma membrane

A

Part of the cell that is thin, somewhat flexible, that controls the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cells. It also allows the cell to recieve incoming messages.

156
Q

selectively permeable

A

The cell membrane is _____ permeable, since it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

157
Q

signal transduction

A

What is the cell membrane recieving and responding to messages called?

158
Q

fatty acids

A

The interior of the cell membrane is composed of ____________, which gives it selective permeability and lipid-soluble items will pass through freely.

159
Q

Integral protein

A

Protein that spans the cell membrane

160
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Protein that projects from the cell membrane’s outer surface

161
Q

Transmembrane protein

A

Protein that extends from the outer surface at one end of the membrane and dips into the cytoplasm at the other end of the membrane (functions as receptors)

162
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAM’s)

A

______ enable cells to bind or touch, which helps white blood cells to slow and guide them to the site of an ingury, and also helps establish connections between nerve cells that underlie learning and memory.

163
Q

cytoplasm

A

Network of organelles suspended in liquid cytosol

164
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Part of the cell that is the supportive framework formed by anetwork of protein rods and tubules

165
Q

skin

A

What is another word for the integumentary system?

166
Q

Integumentary system (skin)

A

Keeping out pathogens, preventing the body from losing water, helping to regulate temperature, and synthesizing nutrients such as vitamin D are all functions of the ___________

167
Q

epidermis and dermis

A

What are the two layers of the skin?

168
Q

epidermis

A

What is the outer layer of the skin?

169
Q

stratified squamos epithelium

A

What tissue/cell type is the epidermis made up of?

170
Q

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

Layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost

171
Q

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

What is the basal cell layer (deepest layer), which contains melanocytes?

172
Q

dermis

A

Which skin layer is thicker, and contains connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood?

173
Q

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

A sensory receptor within the dermis that is stimulated by heavy pressure is called _________

174
Q

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

A

A sensory receptor located within the dermis that senses light touch is called __________

175
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sensory receptors within the dermis that respond to temperature changes or to factors that can damage tissues and extend into the dermis are called _________

176
Q

basement membrane

A

What connects the epidermis to the dermis?

177
Q

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

The layer below the dermis is called what?

178
Q

areolar and adipose

A

Subcutaneous tissue is formed with masses of _____ and ______ tissues and contain blood vessels that supply the skin.

179
Q

rete cutaneum

A

The blood vessels within the subcutaneous layer branch and form a network between the dermis and subcutaneous layer called ________

180
Q

keratin

A

A waterproof, fibrous protein that accumulates in skin cells as they move further from the dermis and the blood supply.

181
Q

stratum corneum

A

As epidermal cells become keratinized, they become tightly packed, forming the ________

182
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Glands found on the skin that are usually associated with hair follicles

183
Q

sebum

A

Sebaceous glands secrete globules of fatty material that bursts cells called ______

184
Q

holocrine

A

Sebaceous glands are _______ glands

185
Q

palms and soles

A

Sebaceous glands are found scattered throughout the skin but not found on the _____ and ______

186
Q

Eccrine and apocrine

A

The two types of sudoriferous glands

187
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

188
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat gland that is abundant on the back, neck, and forehead, which produces profuse sweat (watery substance)

189
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Sweat gland that causes odor when metabolized by bacteria, becomes active at puberty, and are activated when emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain.

190
Q

nails and hair

A

Skin appendages include ____ and _____

191
Q
  • palms
  • soles
  • lips
  • nipples
  • parts of external reproductive organs
A

Hair is present everywhere on the body except in these places (5)

192
Q

dead epithelial cells

A

The hair follicle is made up of

193
Q

eumelanin

A

Dark hair contains more brownish-black ______

194
Q

pheomelanin

A

Blonde and red hair contains more reddish-yellow _______

195
Q

nail plate, nail bed, and lunula

A

The three parts of the nail are

196
Q

lunula

A

The whitish half moon area that is the most active growing part of the nail is called what?

197
Q

skeletal system (bones)

A

Providing structure, producing blood cells, support and protection of softer tissues, and attachment for muscles are all functions of this body system

198
Q
  • Long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
A

Name the 5 classifications of bone shapes

199
Q

Long bone

A

Which bone has longitudinal axes, and expanded ends (diaphysis and epiphysis)

200
Q

short bones

A

Which bone shape is cubelike and short?

201
Q

flat bones

A

Which bone type is platelike, with broad surfaces

202
Q

Irregular bones

A

Which bone type has a variety of shapes and is usually connected to several other bones

203
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Which bones are usually small and nodular and are embedded in tendons adjacent to joints?

204
Q

sesamoid

A

The patella is an example of a ______ bone

205
Q

Irregular bones

A

Backbones and facial bones are examples of _____ bones

206
Q

Flat bones

A

Rib bones and some skull bones (frontal) are examples of this type of bone

207
Q

Short bones

A

Wrist bones and ankle bones are examples of this type of bone

208
Q

Long bones

A

Forearms and thigh bones are examples of this type of bone

209
Q

osteocytes

A

Bone cells that are arranged in bony chambers called lacunae

210
Q

central (haversian) canals

A

Osteocytes and lacunae form concentratic circles around _______

211
Q

osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells, once surrounded by bony matrix in the lunacae are called osteocytes

212
Q

osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down calcified bone matrix

213
Q

Bone remodeling

A

What process occurs as osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone

214
Q

epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones

215
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

216
Q

compact bone

A

Type of bone tissue that is compact and found in the diaphysis

217
Q

compact bone

A

cortical bone

218
Q

spongy bone

A

Type of bone tissue that is composed of thin layers of compact bone which branching plates with irregular connecting spaces.

219
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

220
Q

Spongy bone

A

Spongy bone and Compact bone are both composed of osteocytes and an extracellular matrix, but in _________ cells do NOT congregate around central canals.

221
Q

trabecular plates

A

Spongy bones contains bony projections called ______ which allows space for nutrients to diffuse into calaliculi (microscopic canals that connect bone tissue)

222
Q

osteon (sometimes called Haversian system)

A

In compact bone, when osteocytes and extracellular matrix cluster around a central canal, they form a (an) _______

223
Q

blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

central canals contain ______ and _______

224
Q

longitudal, perforating canals

A

central canals run ______ through bone, while ______ (also known as Volkmann’s canals) run transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves

225
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Part of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.

226
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

Part of the skeleton that pertains the the upper and lower limbs and their girdles

227
Q

206

A

How many bones are there total in the human skeleton?

228
Q

8

A

How many cranial bones are there?

229
Q
  • Frontal
  • parietal (2)
  • occipital
  • temporal (2)
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
A

name the cranial bones

230
Q

14

A

How many facial bones are there?

231
Q
  • Maxilla (2)
  • palatine (2)
  • zygomatic (2)
  • lacrimal (2)
  • nasal (2)
  • vomer
  • inferior nasal concha (2)
  • the mandible
A

Name the facial bones

232
Q

malleus (2), incus (2), and stapes (2)

A

Name the middle ear bones (ossicles)

233
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Which bone is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx, and supports the tongue?

234
Q

26

A

How many bones are in the vertebral column

235
Q
  • Cervical vertebrae (7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)
  • Lumbar vertebrae (5)
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
A

Name the bones and number in the vertebral column from anterior to inferior

236
Q

ribs (24, 12 pairs of 2), sternum (1)

A

Name the bones and number of the thoracic cage

237
Q

scapula (2) and clavicle (2)

A

Name the bones of the pectoral girdle

238
Q
  • Humerus (2)
  • radius (2)
  • ulna (2)
  • carpal (16)
  • metacarpal (10)
  • phalanx (28)
A

Name the bones of the upper limbs and number of each

239
Q

The pelvic girdle

A

The two hip bones make up what?

240
Q

Femur (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), patella (2), tarsal (14), metatarsal (10), phalanx (28)

A

Name the bones and number of the lower limbs

241
Q

foramen magnum

A

Where the inferior part of the brainstem connects with the spinal cord is called what?

242
Q

Muscular system

A

Muscle groups, muscles, myofibrils, and sarcomeres are all components of what body system?

243
Q

Muscle groups

A

Several muscles that control a specific part of the body

244
Q

Myofibrils

A

Parallel, threadlike structures within a muscle fiber

245
Q

actin and myosin

A

Myofibrils are thin filaments that consist of two types of protein ______ and _________

246
Q

myosin

A

thick muscle filaments

247
Q

actin

A

thin muscle filaments

248
Q

striations

A

Alternating filaments form _____ in muscle tissue

249
Q

sarcomeres

A

The repeating pattern formed by striations of myosin and actin form the functional unit of myofibrils and muscles called _______

250
Q

Filament theory of muscle contraction

A

When sarcomeres shorten (contract), the thick and thin filaments do not change length, but rather slide past each other and the thin filaments move toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends. As this happens, the H zones and I bands narrow, regions of overlap widen, and the Z lines move closer together, shortening the sarcomere This is called ____

251
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

For a muscle to contract, calcium ions have to be released from _________

252
Q

actin filaments and myosin

A

calcium stops the inhibitory process on _____ filaments and ______ cross-bridges attach

253
Q

cross-bridge

A

ATP binds to the _______

254
Q

ADP and phosphate

A

Myosin cross-bridges contain ATPase, which breaks down ATP to ______ and ______, resulting in the complete muscle contraction

255
Q

skeletal muscle

A

Muscle type that is under voluntary control and has striations (from the sarcomeres)

256
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Muscle type that is under involuntary control, not striated (no sarcomeres), display rhythmicity, and is active in peristalsis.

257
Q

troponin, calmodulin

A

Smooth muscle lacks _________, the protein that binds to calcium ions for contraction. Instead, smooth muscles use a protein called ______ for contraction

258
Q

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

A

__________ and ____________ are neurotransmitters that stimulate and inhibit contractions in smooth muscles

259
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

_________is a muscle type that is composed of striated cells joined end to end by special junctions called intercalcated discs, and is found only in the heart.

260
Q

syncytium

A

Cardiac structure acts as a unit, called ______, which means when one part is stimulated, the whole muscle responds

261
Q

self exciting and rythmic

A

cardiac muscle is also _________ and _________

262
Q

flexors

A

Muscle that reduces the angle of a joint

263
Q

Extensors

A

Muscles that increase the angle of a joint

264
Q

abductors

A

Muscles that move the body away from the midline

265
Q

adductors

A

Muscles that move the body back towards the midline

266
Q

names

A

Muscle _____ often indicate a muscle’s size, shape, location, action, number of attachments, or the direction of itts fibers

267
Q

major

A

a muscle of large size

268
Q

chest region

A

pectoral

269
Q

deltoid

A

shaped like a delta or triangle

270
Q

extends the digits

A

extensor digitorum

271
Q

a muscle with two heads (biceps) or points of origin, in the brachium (arm)

A

biceps brachii

272
Q

attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process

A

sternocleidomastoid

273
Q

Located near the outside, with fibers that run obliquiely or in a slanting direction

A

external oblique

274
Q

Nervous system

A

Basic functions of this system include recieving, interpreting, and reacting to stimuli

275
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of the nervous system

276
Q

axon, cell body, and dendrite

A

name the three parts of the neuron

277
Q

Axon

A

Part of the neuron that arises from elevation called axonal hillock, and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

278
Q

Cell body

A

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus with nucleolus

279
Q

dendrites

A

Part of the neuron that is highly branched and provides receptive surfaces for communicating nerve impulses towards the cell body

280
Q

Sensory (Afferent)

A

Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses away from the peripheral body parts and towards the brain or spinal cord

281
Q

Motor (Efferent)

A

Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors (muscles or glands)

282
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent

283
Q

Motor

A

Efferent

284
Q

Central and Peripheral

A

Name the two nervous systems

285
Q

Central nervous system

A

Nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

286
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connects the CNS to the rest of the body

287
Q

Somatic

A

Nervous system that oversees voluntary activities, such as skeletal muscle contractions

288
Q

Autonomic

A

Nervous system that oversees involuntary activities, such as viscera (heart, various glands)

289
Q

Medulla oblongota, pons, and midbrain

A

The brainstem consists of 3 parts, list them.

290
Q

Medulla oblongota

A

Which part of the brainstem functions as a two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers such as cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

291
Q

Pons

A

Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other areas of the body, influencing respiration

292
Q

Midbrain

A

Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway used as a relay for visual and auditory impulses

293
Q

Hypothalamus and thalamus

A

A part of the brain called the diencephalon has what two brain areas within it?

294
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is responsible for regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal?

295
Q

Thalamus

A

Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is used as a sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex and controls emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms?

296
Q

Cerebellum

A

What part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium and posture, and assists the cerebrum?

297
Q

Cerebrum

A

Which part of the brain is responsible for sensory perception, emotions, willed movement, consciousness, and memory?

298
Q

medulla oblongota, pons, and midbrain

A

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

299
Q

white and gray

A

The brain stem consists of ______ and _____ matter

hesi a2 (5 decks)

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