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Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology, Nursing And Medicine > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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2
Q

Name the 4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Connective
  2. Epithelial
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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3
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

In the inner mass of the blastocyst

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4
Q

Name the 3 primary tissue layers and give examples of what forms

A
  1. Ectoderm: outer layer- epidermis, sweat glands, hair
  2. Mesoderm: middle layer- muscles, bones
  3. Endoderm: inside layer- GI tract, lungs
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5
Q

Name 6 types of connective tissue

A
  1. Bone
  2. Blood
  3. Cartilage
  4. Fat (adiposeJ
  5. Loose connective tissue
  6. Dense connective tissue
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6
Q

What’s the function of connective tissue?

A

Provides support, shape and structure

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7
Q

What’s the function of muscle tissues?

A

Contact and relax to provide movement

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8
Q

Name 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal/ striated
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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9
Q

Name the 2 types of nervous tissue and their functions

A

Neurones and neuroglia

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10
Q

Name 3 parts neurones comprise of

A

Axon
Dendrites
Cell body

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS- central nervous system
PNS- peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

What’s the function of nervous tissue?

A

Receive stimuli and transmit electrical impulses

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13
Q

What is the fund of epithelial tissue?

A

Protect underlying structures and inner lining. Also forms most glands. Secretes and absorbs

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14
Q

Simple vs stratified epithelium?

A

Simple = one cell thick
Stratified = more than one layer

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15
Q

Name the 8 types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Ciliated
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
Glandular

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16
Q

How many teeth do puppy’s have and what’s their dental formula?

A

28 teeth
Formula- i3 c1 pm 3
i3 c1 pm 3 (x2)

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17
Q

How many teeth do dogs have and what’s their dental formula?

A

42 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM4 M2
I3 C1 PM4 M3 (x2)

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18
Q

How many teeth do kittens have and what’s their dental formula?

A

26
Formula= i3 c1 pm3
i3 c1 pm 2 (x2)

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19
Q

How many teeth do cats have and what’s their dental formula?

A

30 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM3 M1
I3 C1 PM2 M1 (x2)

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20
Q

What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to a target organ.
Exocrine glands secrete products outside via ducts directly to the site

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21
Q

Examples of endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine= thyroid, adrenal, pituitary
Exocrine= sweat, mammary, lacrimal

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22
Q

Name some functions of the skin

A

Protection, sensory, secretion, storage, thermoregulation, communication

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23
Q

Name the 3 layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (sc)

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24
Q

What is the dermis made from and what does it contain?

A

Dense connective tissue
Blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles

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25
Q

What is the epidermis made from

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

What is the hypodermis made from

A

Fat and loose connective tissue

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27
Q

Name and differentiate between the 2 types of sweat glands

A

Apocrine: modified glands that secrete/open into the hair follicle
Eccrine: secrete/open directly onto skins surface

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28
Q

Name the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis)
Posterior (neurohypophysis)

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29
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin

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30
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

ACTH
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
LH (lutenizing hormone)
ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
Prolactin
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

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31
Q

What is the action of ACTH?

A

Stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol

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32
Q

What is the action of FSH?

A

Targets ovaries to stimulate follicle growth

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33
Q

What is the action of GH?

A

Stimulates growth

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34
Q

What is the action of LH and ICSH

A

LH: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum development
ICSH: produces testosterone

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35
Q

What is the action of prolactin?

A

Mammary development and milk production/ secretion

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36
Q

What is the action of TSH?

A

Stimulates release of thyroxine

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37
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Control urine output and regulate blood pressure

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38
Q

What is the function of thyroid glands?

A

Control metabolism and growth

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39
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid glands?

A

Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

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40
Q

What is the action of Calcitonin?

A

Decreases calcium levels in the blood by deposition of calcium into bones and decreases bone resorption

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41
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathormone PTH

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42
Q

What is the action of PTH parathormone?

A

Increase calcium levels in blood by releasing it from bones and increase calcium absorption from intestines

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43
Q

Function of parathyroid gland?

A

Maintain calcium levels for blood nerves and muscles

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44
Q

What 3 cells does the Islets of Langerhans consist of and what do they produce?

A

Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells= insulin
Delta cells= somatostatin

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45
Q

What is the action on insulin?

A

Increases glucose uptake in cells and stores in the liver as glycogen

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46
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glucose to glycogen

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47
Q

What is the action of glucagon?

A

Converts glycogen into glucose

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48
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown glycogen into glucose

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49
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharangeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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50
Q

What is haemtopoiesis and what are the sites of it?

A

Production of blood
Sites: bone marrow, epiphysis, spleen, liver

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51
Q

Composition of blood

A

Cellular- erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes
Fluid- plasma

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52
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Agranulocytes- monocytes and lymphocytes

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53
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Process of ceasing bleeding

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54
Q

How are clots formed?

A

Platelets stick to blood vessels
Thrombin and fibrin are released and sticks to platelets to form clots

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55
Q

What is the name of the natural anticoagulant produced by the body?

A

Heparin

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56
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double layered serous sac that encloses the heart

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57
Q

What 3 layers make up the muscle of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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58
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle

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59
Q

Name the 2 semi lunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves

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60
Q

Name the 2 atrioventricular valves and their location?

A

Tricuspid valve- between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve- between left atrium and ventricle

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61
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles?

A

Prevent valves from collapsing inwards, attached to the chordae tendinae

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62
Q

Name the 5 major blood vessels of the heart and their functions

A

Vena cava- carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to body
Pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Coronary arteries- supplies blood and nutrients to the heart

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63
Q

What is the circulation of blood through the heart?

A

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

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64
Q

Normal respiration rate for a dog

A

10-30

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65
Q

Normal respiration rate for a cat

A

20-30

66
Q

Normal respiration rate for a rabbit

A

30-60

67
Q

What are immature RBCs called?

A

Reticulocytes

68
Q

RBCs and WBCs actual names

A

RBCs- erythrocytes
WBCs- leukocytes

69
Q

Cardiac cycle- one heart beat

A
  1. Cardiac diastole - all 4 chambers relaxed
  2. Atrial systole, ventricular diastole- atria contract, ventricles relaxed fill with blood
  3. Atrial diastole, ventricular systole- atria relax, ventricles contract pushing blood out of heart
70
Q

Electrical conduction of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (right atrium) electrical impulse causes atria to contract
Atrioventricular node sends impulse down septum along bundle of His to apex
Impulse travels to Purkinje fibres spreading up ventricle wall
Wave of contraction from bottom of ventricle upwards

71
Q

Function of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Arteries- carry blood away from heart, under high pressure
Veins- carry blood into the heart, under lower pressure
Capillaries- allows for gases, nutrient and waste exchange to tissues

72
Q

List and locate 11 main arteries

A

Aorta- from left ventricle of heart
Coronary- in coronary groove, supplies heart
Carotid- either side of neck supplies head
Brachial- upper arm
Lingual- ventral tongue
Renal- supplies kidneys
Hepatic- supplies liver and gallbladder
Inguinal- supplies hindlimbs and pelvic region
Femoral- supplies hindlimbs
Ovarian/testicular- supplies gonads

73
Q

List and locate 10 major veins

A

Vena cava- cranial returns from upper half, caudal, returns from lower half
Coronary- returns blood from heart
Cephalic- dorsal surface of foreleg
Jugular- either side of neck
Saphenous- lateral surface of lower hindlimb below knee
Lingual- ventral tongue
Renal- returns from kidneys
Hepatic- returns from liver
Hepatic portal- from GI tract to the liver
Marginal ear- lateral dorsal ear

74
Q

Define blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted on arterial walls as blood is pumped out of heart

75
Q

Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
MAP

A

Systolic BP- arterial pressure during heart beat - blood pumped out
Diastolic BP- arterial pressure at rest in between beats
Mean arterial pressure- average

76
Q

What 5 factors control BP?

A

Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
Cardiac output
Blood viscosity
Elasticity of blood vessels

77
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Amount of blood heart pumps in one minute

Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

78
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped out of ventricle per contraction

79
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Return excess fluid to capillaries
Regulate fluid balance
Transports lipids from GI tract
Produces lymphocytes
Filters bacteria and foreign material

80
Q

Function of lymphatic capillaries and vessels

A

Lymphatic capillaries- collect excess fluid from tissues. Lacteals in small intestine absorbs lipids
Lymphatic vessels- capillaries join to form vessels to transport lymph has valves

81
Q

Name the 2 lymphatic ducts and function

A

Vessels drain into the ducts which drain into the vena cava and jugular vein

  1. Thoracic duct- left side of body, upper body, left forelimb, pelvic and hindlimbs. The cisterna Chyli drains from abdomen into thoracic duct
  2. Right lymphatic duct- neck, right side of head and upper body, right forelimb.
82
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter trap and destroy bacteria
Contains lymphocytes

83
Q

What organs are lymphatic tissue

A

Spleen and thymus

84
Q

4 Functions of the spleen

A

Storage of RBCS
Destroys worn out RBCs
Filters and destroys bacteria using phagocytes
Production of lymphocytes

85
Q

Red pulp vs white pulp of spleen

A

Red pulp- storage of RBCs
White pulp- contains lymphoid cells

86
Q

Function of thymus

A

Produces T-lymphocytes for cell mediated immune response
Active and larger in younger animals , disappears by sexual maturity

87
Q

List and locate 6 palpable lymph nodes

A
  1. Parotid- beneath ears
  2. Submandibular- edge angle of jaw
  3. Prescapular- front of shoulders
  4. Axillary- armpits
  5. Inguinal- groins
  6. Popliteal- behind knees/stifle
88
Q

What colour is lymph and what’s it made from

A

Clear to white fluid
Interstitial fluid- WBCs, minerals, nutrients, microbes

89
Q

Components of upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

90
Q

Components of lower respiratory tract?

A

Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

91
Q

Name the 2 main sinuses

A

Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus

92
Q

Function of alveoli

A

Provide large surface area for the exchange of gases via diffusion across pulmonary membrane

93
Q

Name the lobes of each lung

A

Left- 3: cranial, middle, caudal
Right- 4: criminal, accessory, middle, caudal

94
Q

What is the pleural membrane and function

A

Serous membrane that forms a sac enclosing the lungs. Secretes serous fluid to lubricate and reduce friction during respiration

95
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air breathed in and out in one breath

Tidal volume= 10-15 x BW (kg)

96
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Amount of air in and out of lungs in one minute

Minute volume= tidal volume x respiration rate

97
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in the lungs after forced expiration.

98
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional amount of air that can be inhaled using max effort after normal inspiration

99
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled out after normal expiration

100
Q

Dead space

A

Volume of air that never reaches alveoli
Equal to volume of bronchi bronchioles and trachea

101
Q

Vital lung capacity

A

Total amount of air that can be expired after maximum inhalation

102
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of gas in lungs after full inhalation

103
Q

What main 3 muscles are used in respiration?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles

104
Q

How does inspiration occur?

A

Diaphragm contracts & flatten
External intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs up and out
Volume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases
Air drawn into the lungs

105
Q

How does expiration occur?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and domes
External intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases, pressure increases
Air forced out of lungs
PASSIVE

106
Q

What main 2 systems control respiration?

A

Neural using neurones
Humoral using chemicals

107
Q

How does neural control respiration?

A

Inspiration occurs lungs inflate which is detected by stretch receptors, which send an impulse to the inspiratory centre in the pons and medulla via the vagus nerves. Inhibits further inspiration and stimulates expiration.

108
Q

What is the Hering-Bruer reflex?

A

Prevents over inflation of the lungs using stretch receptors

109
Q

What 2 types of chemoreceptors are used in humoral control of respiration and what do they detect?

A

Peripheral- aortic bodies in aorta and carotid bodies in carotid artery - O2
Central- found in the medulla of brain - CO2 and changes in blood pH

110
Q

Cranial/anterior

A

Towards skull/front

111
Q

Caudal/posterior

A

Towards the tail/back end

112
Q

Lateral

A

Side or outside

113
Q

Medial

A

Middle/inside

114
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

115
Q

Contra lateral

A

Opposite side

116
Q

Dorsal

A

Top/back

117
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom/abdomen

118
Q

Palmer

A

Underside of front paw

119
Q

Plantar

A

Underside of back paw

120
Q

Rostral

A

Towards nose

121
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the centre body

122
Q

Distal

A

Away from body (towards toes)

123
Q

Superficial

A

Near surface

124
Q

Deep

A

Deeper than surface towards centre

125
Q

Median plane

A

Divides body into left and right

126
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Any line parallel to median

127
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Divide horizontally - top and bottom

128
Q

Transverse plane

A

Perpendicular to long axis of animal - front and hind

129
Q

What membrane lines body cavities?

A

Double Serous membrane that produces serous fluid

130
Q

Name 2 layers of serous membrane

A

Visceral- inner
Parietal- outer

131
Q

Name the 3 body cavities

A

Thoracic
abdominal
pelvic

132
Q

How many body cavities do snakes have?

A

One - coelom

133
Q

Thoracic cavity borders?

A

Cranial- thoracic inlet
Caudal- diaphragm
Dorsal- thoracic vertebrae
Ventral- sternum

134
Q

Lining of the lungs

A

Pulmonary pleura

135
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Area between the lungs - centre of thoracic cavity

136
Q

Abdominal cavity borders?

A

Cranial- diaphragm
Caudal- pelvic opening
Dorsal- lumbar vertebrae
Ventral- abdominal muscles

137
Q

Pelvic cavity borders

A

Cranial- pelvic inlet
Caudal- pelvic outlet
Dorsal- sacrum
Ventral- floor of pelvis/ pubis

138
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cell division- growth, asexual reproduction, cell replacement
Produce diploid cells
Same genetic material as parents - one parent = two daughter

139
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cell division- sexual reproduction ( egg& sperm)
Haploid cells - half genetic material
4 non identical daughter cells

140
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Interphase- rest, dna copies
Prophase- chromosomes condense and come visible. Membrane disappears
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle of cell, spindle fibres attach
Anaphase- pulled apart to opposite ends of cell
Telophase- cytokinesis and new membrane forms

141
Q

Meiosis

A

Interphase- rest
Prophase- dna copies, pair up, condenses
Metaphase- line in middle of cell and spindle fibre attach
Anaphase- chromosomes pull apart to opposite sides of cell
Telophase- cytokinesis, divides 2 cells formed
Prophase II- transition phase
Metaphase II- chromosome line up in middle, spindle fibres attach
Anaphase II- chromosomes pull apart
Telophase II- cytokinesis , divides cells again 4 formed, be membranes

142
Q

How much fluid is intracellular?

A

2/3 or 40%

143
Q

How much fluid is extracellular?

A

1/3 or 20%

144
Q

What % of body weight is water?

A

60%

145
Q

What is ECF comprised of?

A

Interstitial fluid- 3/4 or 15%
Plasma- 1/4 or 5%
Transcellular fluid- <1%

146
Q

Fluid requirements for cats and dogs?

A

50ml/ kg/day

147
Q

Fluid requirements for smallies?

A

100ml/kg/day

148
Q

Fluid requirements for birds?

A

50ml/kg/day

149
Q

Reptiles fluid requirements?

A

25ml/ kg/day

150
Q

Normal urine output for dogs and cats?

A

1-2mls/kg/ hour
20mls/kg/day

151
Q

Fluid loss through faeces in cats and dogs?

A

10-20mls/kg/day

152
Q

Fluid loss through respiration and sweating in cats and dogs?

A

20mls/kg/day

153
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

154
Q

What is a condyle

A

Rounded protuberance at end of the bone to attach to another bone

155
Q

What is an epicondyle

A

Rough protuberance allows attachment for ligaments an tendons

156
Q

What is a foramen

A

A hole within a bone

157
Q

What is a fossa

A

A depression in a bone

158
Q

What is a tubercule?

A

Small rounded part of bone

159
Q

Tuberosity

A

Prominent area where tendons attach

160
Q

6 types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge- elbow, knee
Ball and socket- hip
Pivot- atlas-axis neck
Condylar- wrist
Saddle- thumb
Gliding- tarsals and carpals

161
Q

Which 3 muscles make up the hamstring

A

Biceps femoris
Semi membranous
Semi tendinous

Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology, Nursing And Medicine (5 decks)

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