A&P Flashcards
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
Name the 4 basic tissue types
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
In the inner mass of the blastocyst
Name the 3 primary tissue layers and give examples of what forms
- Ectoderm: outer layer- epidermis, sweat glands, hair
- Mesoderm: middle layer- muscles, bones
- Endoderm: inside layer- GI tract, lungs
Name 6 types of connective tissue
- Bone
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Fat (adiposeJ
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
What’s the function of connective tissue?
Provides support, shape and structure
What’s the function of muscle tissues?
Contact and relax to provide movement
Name 3 types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal/ striated
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Name the 2 types of nervous tissue and their functions
Neurones and neuroglia
Name 3 parts neurones comprise of
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
CNS- central nervous system
PNS- peripheral nervous system
What’s the function of nervous tissue?
Receive stimuli and transmit electrical impulses
What is the fund of epithelial tissue?
Protect underlying structures and inner lining. Also forms most glands. Secretes and absorbs
Simple vs stratified epithelium?
Simple = one cell thick
Stratified = more than one layer
Name the 8 types of epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Ciliated
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
Glandular
How many teeth do puppy’s have and what’s their dental formula?
28 teeth
Formula- i3 c1 pm 3
i3 c1 pm 3 (x2)
How many teeth do dogs have and what’s their dental formula?
42 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM4 M2
I3 C1 PM4 M3 (x2)
How many teeth do kittens have and what’s their dental formula?
26
Formula= i3 c1 pm3
i3 c1 pm 2 (x2)
How many teeth do cats have and what’s their dental formula?
30 teeth
Formula= I3 C1 PM3 M1
I3 C1 PM2 M1 (x2)
What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to a target organ.
Exocrine glands secrete products outside via ducts directly to the site
Examples of endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine= thyroid, adrenal, pituitary
Exocrine= sweat, mammary, lacrimal
Name some functions of the skin
Protection, sensory, secretion, storage, thermoregulation, communication
Name the 3 layers of skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (sc)
What is the dermis made from and what does it contain?
Dense connective tissue
Blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles
What is the epidermis made from
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the hypodermis made from
Fat and loose connective tissue
Name and differentiate between the 2 types of sweat glands
Apocrine: modified glands that secrete/open into the hair follicle
Eccrine: secrete/open directly onto skins surface
Name the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior (adenohypophysis)
Posterior (neurohypophysis)
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
ACTH
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
LH (lutenizing hormone)
ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
Prolactin
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
What is the action of ACTH?
Stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol
What is the action of FSH?
Targets ovaries to stimulate follicle growth
What is the action of GH?
Stimulates growth
What is the action of LH and ICSH
LH: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum development
ICSH: produces testosterone
What is the action of prolactin?
Mammary development and milk production/ secretion
What is the action of TSH?
Stimulates release of thyroxine
What is the function of ADH?
Control urine output and regulate blood pressure
What is the function of thyroid glands?
Control metabolism and growth
What hormones are released by the thyroid glands?
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
What is the action of Calcitonin?
Decreases calcium levels in the blood by deposition of calcium into bones and decreases bone resorption
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathormone PTH
What is the action of PTH parathormone?
Increase calcium levels in blood by releasing it from bones and increase calcium absorption from intestines
Function of parathyroid gland?
Maintain calcium levels for blood nerves and muscles
What 3 cells does the Islets of Langerhans consist of and what do they produce?
Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells= insulin
Delta cells= somatostatin
What is the action on insulin?
Increases glucose uptake in cells and stores in the liver as glycogen
What is glycogenesis?
Glucose to glycogen
What is the action of glucagon?
Converts glycogen into glucose
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown glycogen into glucose
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharangeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
What is haemtopoiesis and what are the sites of it?
Production of blood
Sites: bone marrow, epiphysis, spleen, liver
Composition of blood
Cellular- erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes
Fluid- plasma
What are the 2 types of WBCs?
Granulocytes- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Agranulocytes- monocytes and lymphocytes
What is haemostasis?
Process of ceasing bleeding
How are clots formed?
Platelets stick to blood vessels
Thrombin and fibrin are released and sticks to platelets to form clots
What is the name of the natural anticoagulant produced by the body?
Heparin
What is the pericardium?
Double layered serous sac that encloses the heart
What 3 layers make up the muscle of the heart wall?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle
Name the 2 semi lunar valves?
Aortic and pulmonic valves
Name the 2 atrioventricular valves and their location?
Tricuspid valve- between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve- between left atrium and ventricle
What is the function of papillary muscles?
Prevent valves from collapsing inwards, attached to the chordae tendinae
Name the 5 major blood vessels of the heart and their functions
Vena cava- carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to body
Pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Coronary arteries- supplies blood and nutrients to the heart
What is the circulation of blood through the heart?
Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta
Normal respiration rate for a dog
10-30