Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Phisiology I > A&P 1 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

A&P 1 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial - covers or lines
  2. Connective - supported
  3. Muscle - movement
  4. Nerve - control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a cavity, forms boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

apical surface of epithelium

A

the top layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

basal surface of epithelium

A

basement layer, touches CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

microvilli

A

finger like extensions of plasma, increase surface area (brushed border)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cilia

A

epithelia that propel substances along their free surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

basal lamina

A

thin non-cellular adhesive sheet of epithelium, acts as scaffolding for repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

epithelium is supported by

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reticular lamina

A

extra cellular layer below the basal lamina containing collagen protein fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what makes up the basement membrane? What is its purpose?

A

reticular lamina & basal membrane, helps resist stretching and tearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epithelium is avascular but innervated by nerves how does it get nourishment?

A

by the blood vessels in underlying CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when classifying epithelium it is given 2 names

A

1st indicates # of cell layers, 2nd indicates the shape of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the functions of epithelium?

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function & location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

function: diffusion or filtration
location: lining of heart, air sacs of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function & location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

function: secretion & absorption
location: surface of ovaries & small glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function & location of simple columnar epithelium?

A

function: secretion & absorption
location: lines digestive tract (stomach to rectum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function & location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

function: secretion
location: found in trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stratified epithelium

A

2 or more cell layers, major roll protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does endothelium provide?

A

a slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic & hollow organs of the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is mesothelium found?

A

in serous membranes lining the body cavity & covering its organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function & location of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

function: protects underlying tissues
location: lining of mouth & vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function & location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

function:
location: sweat & mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function & location of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

function:
location: pharynx & male urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function & location of transitional epithelium?

A

function: stretches to permit distension
location: bladder & urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

glandular epithelium consists of

A

one or more cells that secrete something (fluids that contain proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ducts

A

tube like connections to epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless, produce hormones, structurally diverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are hormones?

A

regulating chemicals secreted by exocytosis into extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces (sweat, mucous, oil & salivary glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

merocrine

A

exocrine glands that secrete products by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

holocrine

A

exocrine glands that accumulate their products until they rupture (sebaceous glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

release mucous to lubricate (unicellular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

multicellular glands are made up of what 2 basic parts?

A

an epithelium derived duct & a secretory unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

simple

A

unbranched duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

compound

A

branched duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tubular

A

when secretory cells form tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

alveolar

A

cells form flask like sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tubuloalveolar

A

both types of secretory units occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

4 classes of CT

A
  1. CT proper (fat, fibrous tissues of ligaments)
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

4 main functions of CT

A
  1. binding & support
  2. protection
  3. insulation
  4. transportation
41
Q

all CT arise from

A

mesenchyme

42
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

43
Q

ground substance is composed of

A

interstitial fluid

44
Q

cell adhesion proteins serve as

A

CT glue

45
Q

GAG

A

negatively charged polysaccharide that stretch out from a core protein like the fibers of a bottle brush

46
Q

what are the 3 GAG?

A
  1. chondroiton
  2. keratin sulfates
  3. hyaluronic acid
47
Q

fibers provide support, what are the 3 types?

A
  1. collagen - white, tough, provide strength
  2. elastic - yellow, rubber-like protein-elastin
  3. reticular - fine fibers around blood vessels & soft tissue of organs
48
Q

what are the primary blast cells for CT proper, cartilage, bone & blood?

A
  1. CT proper - fibroblast
  2. cartilage - chondroblasts
  3. bone - osteoblasts
  4. blood - hematopoietic stem cell
49
Q

what are the 4 accessory cell types?

A
  1. fat cells - nutrient storing
  2. WBC’s
  3. mast cells - respond to injuries
  4. macrophages - respond to injuries
50
Q

3 WBC’s that migrate from bloodstream to CT matrix?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. lymphocytes
51
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

cluster along blood vessels, detect foreign substances & initiate inflammatory response

52
Q

what chemicals do mast cells secrete to mediate inflammation?

A

Heparin - anticoagulant
Histamine - makes capillaries leak
Proteases - protein degrading enzyme

53
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

phagocytize foreign material, dispose of dead tissue cells

54
Q

where are macrophages found?

A

loose CT, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue

55
Q

what are the 5 types of CT?

A
  1. mesenchyme
  2. CT proper
  3. cartilage
  4. bone
  5. blood
56
Q

what is mesenchyme?

A

star shaped cells & fluid w/fine fibrils formed from the mesoderm germ layer

57
Q

what are the 2 types of CT proper?

A
  1. loose CT

2. dense CT

58
Q

what are the 3 types of loose CT?

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular CT
59
Q

areolar

A

most widely distributed CT in the body, universal packing material between tissues, supports, holds fluids, defends against infection & stores nutrients

60
Q

what do fibroblasts look like?

A

spindle shaped flat branching cells

61
Q

adipose tissue

A

similar to areolar, much greater nutrient storing ability

62
Q

what are the types of adipose tissue?

A
  1. adipocytes - 90% of tissue mass
  2. white fat - stores nutrients
  3. brown fat - consumes nutrient stores to make heat
63
Q

reticular CT

A

like areolar but with reticular fibers, found in lymph nodes, spleen & bone marrow

64
Q

what are the 2 types of dense CT?

A
  1. dense regular CT

2. dense irregular CT

65
Q

dense regular CT

A

closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in same direction (parallel), slight stretch, tendons & ligaments

66
Q

dense irregular CT

A

thicker and arranged irregularly, run in different planes, pull in multiple directions, dermis of skin

67
Q

cartilage

A

between CT & bone, tough but flexible, no nerves, avascular, mostly chondroblasts, heals slow

68
Q

3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
69
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

gristle, most abundant, provides support w/pliability, covers end of long bones, tip of nose, trachea

70
Q

elastic cartilage

A

lots of fibers, found where strength and stretchability are needed, external ear & epiglottis

71
Q

fibrocartilage

A

intermediate between hyaline & dense regular CT, intervertebral discs & miniscus

72
Q

what does hyaline cartilage look like on a slide?

A

rice puffs w/ a smooth background

73
Q

what does elastic cartilage look like on a slide?

A

rice puffs with very fibrous background

74
Q

what does fibrocartilage look like on a slide?

A

blue

75
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

exceptional ability to support & protect, well vasularized

76
Q

what does bone look like on a slide?

A

tree rings

77
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

build bone

78
Q

what do osteocytes do? where are they?

A

cell turn over, mature bone cell, lies in lucunae

79
Q

blood is classified as CT because it develops from

A

mesenchyme

80
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carries nutrients, wastes, gases thru body

81
Q

what are the 3 types of lining membranes?

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. mucous
  3. serous membrane
82
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to dense irregular CT

83
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines body cavities that open to exterior, nasal & oral cavity, absorption & secretion

84
Q

serous membrane

A

moist membrane in closed cavities that lubricates so organs slide across each other

85
Q

2 types of nervous tissue?

A
  1. neurons

2. supporting cells

86
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses

87
Q

supporting cells

A

nonconducting cells that support, insulate & protect

88
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly cellular & well vascularized tissue responsible for most body movement

89
Q

3 types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal - voluntary
  2. cardiac - involuntary
  3. smooth - involuntary
90
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, attaches to bones, contract to cause movements

91
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, uninucleated, cells fit tightly together w/unique junctions called intercalated discs

92
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts & relaxes to squeeze substances thru organs, no visible striations, in walls of hollow organs other than heart

93
Q

tissue repair occurs by

A

regeneration (replacement of destroyed tissue) & fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous CT called scar tissue)

94
Q

tissue repair requires cells to

A

divide & migrate

95
Q

what initiates tissue repair?

A

growth factors (wound hormones) released by injured cells

96
Q

3 steps for wound repair?

A
  1. inflammation
  2. organization
  3. regeneration & fibrous effect
97
Q

inflammation

A

tissue injury causes macrophages & mast cells to release and WBC’s & plasma rich in antibodies to seep into area which causes a clot

98
Q

organization

A

first phase of tissue repair, restores blood supply, fibroblasts produce growth factors, macrophages digest original clot

99
Q

regeneration & fibrous effect permanent repair

A

fibrous tissue beneath matures & contracts, epithelium begins to resemble adjacent skin

Anatomy & Phisiology I (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions