A Long & Illustrious History Flashcards
1
Q
What age did the first hunter-gatherers live in the UK?
A
Stone Age
2
Q
For much of the Stone Age, Britain was connected to the continent by what?
A
A land bridge
3
Q
What animals did hunter-gatherers hunt?
A
deer and horses
4
Q
When did Britain become permanently separated from the continent?
A
10,000 years ago.
5
Q
When did the first farmers arrive in Britain?
A
6,000 years ago.
6
Q
Who were the ancestors of the first farmers?
A
probably came from south-east Europe.
7
Q
What did the first settlers build?
A
Houses, tombs and monuments on the land. One of these monuments, Stonehenge
8
Q
Where is Stonehenge?
A
Wiltshire.
9
Q
What was stonehenge?
A
special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies.
10
Q
Which is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe?
A
Skara Brae on Orkney, off the north coast of Scotland
11
Q
When did people learn to make bronze?
A
4000 years ago.
12
Q
When did people live in roundhouses & bury their dead in round barrows?
A
The Bronze age
13
Q
During the Bronze age, bronze & gold was used to make
A
tools, ornaments & weapons
14
Q
What followed the Bronze age?
A
The Iron Age
15
Q
How did people live during the Iron Age?
A
People still lived in roundhouses, grouped together into larger settlements, and sometimes defended sites called hill forts.
16
Q
Where can you see an Iron Age Hill Fort today?
A
Maiden Castle, Dorset
17
Q
What were most people during the Iron Age?
A
farmers, craft workers or warriors.
18
Q
What language did Iron Age people speak?
A
Celtic language family. Similar languages were spoken across Europe in the Iron Age, and related languages are still spoken today in some parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland
19
Q
What era had a sophisticated culture and economy, where the first coins to be minted in Britain, some inscribed with the names of kings?
A
Iron Age
20
Q
In what year did Julius Caesar lead a Roman invasion of Britain?
A
55 BC
21
Q
Was 55 BC invasion attempt by Julius Caesar successful? thanks
A
No, for nearly 100 years Britain remained separate from the Roman Empire
22
Q
Who led a successful invasion of Britain in 43 AD?
A
Emperor Claudius
23
Q
Who was Boudicca?
A
tribal leader who fought against the Romans in 43 AD, queen of the Iceni in what is now eastern England. She is still remembered today and there is a statue of her on Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of Parliament.
24
Q
Where were there area unconquered by The Romans?
A
Scotland
25
Who built Hadrian’s wall in the north of England & why?
Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts (ancestors of the Scottish people). Included in the wall were a number of forts. Parts of Hadrian’s Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda, can still be seen. It is a popular area for walkers and is a UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site.
26
How long did the Romans remain in britain
400 years
27
Who built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, and Who introduced new plants and animals?
The Romans.
28
When did Cristians first appear
3rd and 4th centuries AD
29
When did the Romans leave Britain, never to return?
410 AD
30
Who invaded Britain from Northern Europe after the Romans left?
Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons.
31
When were Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain, mainly in what is now England?
By 600 AD
32
Where is the burial place of an Anglo-Saxon king?
Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk. This king was buried with treasure and armour, all placed in a ship which was then covered by a mound of earth.
33
Which areas remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule?
Parts of the west of Britain, including much of what is now Wales, and Scotland
34
Were the Anglo-Saxons Christians when they first came to Britain?
No but missionaries came to Britain to preach about Christianity. Missionaries from Ireland spread the religion in the north.
35
Who would become the patron saint of Ireland?
St Patrick
36
Who was St Columba?
Missionary with monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland.
37
Who led missionaries from Rome, who spread Christianity in the south?
St Augustine, who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury
38
Where did the Vikings come from?
The Vikings came from Denmark and Norway
39
When & why did the Vikings first come to Britain
AD 789 to raid coastal towns and take away goods and slaves. Then, they began to stay and form their own communities in the east of England and Scotland.
40
The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England united under whom to defeat the Vikings?
King Alfred the Great
41
In which area of Britain did many Viking invaders remain?
east and north of England, in an area known as the Danelaw (many places names there, such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe, come from the Viking languages). The Viking settlers mixed with local communities and some converted to Christianity.
42
Which Danish king briefly ruled England?
Canute
43
In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings had encouraged the people to unite under whom?
King Kenneth MacAlpin. The term Scotland began to be used to describe that country.
44
When was the Battle of Hastings
1066
45
Who defeated whom at the Battle of Hastings?
William, the Duke of Normandy (in what is now northern France) killed Harold, the Saxon king of England. William became king of England and is known as William the Conqueror.
46
What is commemorated by the Bayeux Tapestry, which can still be seen in France today?
William the Conqueror’s defeat of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings
47
What was the last successful foreign invasion of England?
The Norman Conquest
48
What did the Norman Conquest lead to?
many changes in government and social structures in England. Norman French, the language of the new ruling class, influenced the development of the English language.
49
Did the Normans invade Wales & Scotland?
Wales, yes but territory gained back, Scotland no.
50
William sent people all over England to draw up lists of all the towns and villages. The people who lived there, who owned the land and what animals they owned were also listed in what book which still exists?
Domesday Book.
51
Ages in orders
Stone Age (over hunter gatherers at first 10,000 years ago, then farmers 6,000 years ago, Stonehenge, Skara Brae)
Bronze Age (4,000 years ago)
Iron Age (Maiden Castle, Dorset)
Romans (Roman Emperor Hadrian built wall to keep out picts from Scotland, never conquered, Christianity)
Anglo-Saxons (600 AD Anglo Saxon king buried at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk)
Vikings (789 AD, defeated by King Alfred, Canut ruled briefly, Kenneth MacAlpin Scotland)
Norman Conquest (1066 Battle of Hastings)
52
What was period after the Norman Conquest up until about 1485?
Middle Ages (or the medieval period)
53
Who introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England and when?
King Edward I of England, In 1284
54
What were Conwy and Caernarvon?
Huge castles built by England to maintain power in Wales after the annex in 1284
55
When were the last Welsh rebellions defeated and English language & laws introduced to Wales?
By the middle of the 15th century
56
What was the Battle of Bannockburn?
In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English
57
Why did the English first go to Ireland?
As troops to help the Irish king and remained to build their own settlements.
58
When did the English rule an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin?
By 1200
59
What were the Crusades?
European Christians fought for control of Holy Land
60
What was the Hundred Years War and how long did it last?
War with France that lasted 116 years
61
When & what was the Battle of Agincourt?
1415, where King Henry V’s vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French.
62
When did the English leave France?
The English left France in the 1450s.
63
Who used a system of land ownership called fuedalism?
The Normans
64
When did plague come to Britain?
In 1348
65
How much of the population died from the black death?
One third of the population
66
How did the plague change society
smaller population, peasant's revolt, gentry, urbanization, middle class
67
What were the roots of parliament?
middle ages: king’s council of advisers, which included important noblemen and the leaders of the Church.
68
When and what was Magna Carta?
1215, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to a number of demands, king was subject to the law, restricted the king’s power to collect taxes or to make or change laws.
69
What are the two separate parts of the Parliament called?
Houses
70
The nobility, great landowners and bishops made up which house of parliament?
House of Lords
71
Knights, who were usually smaller landowners, and wealthy people from towns and cities were elected to sit in which house of parliament?
the House of Commons
72
What were the 3 houses of parliament in Scotland called?
Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy.
73
In England, judges developed ‘common law’ by a process of
precedence (that is, following previous decisions) and tradition.
74
In Scotland, the legal system developed slightly differently and laws were
‘codified’ (that is, written down).
75
What did the King speak after the Norman Conquest?
Norman French
76
What did the peasants speak after the Norman Conquest?
Anglo-Saxon.
77
Which two languages combined to become English?
Norman French & Anglo-Saxon
78
‘park’ and ‘beauty’ are from which language?
Norman French
79
‘apple’, ‘cow’ and ‘summer’ are from which language?
Anglo-Saxon
80
Which which year in England were official documents were being written in English?
1400
81
When did Geoffrey Chaucer write The Canterbury Tales?
Years leading up to 1400
82
Who printed The Canterbury Tales using the printing press?
William Caxton
83
What did Scots poet John Barbour write
The Bruce, about the Battle of Bannockburn.
84
When were Windsor and Edinburgh castles built?
Middle Ages
85
Famous example of a medieval cathedral?
Lincoln Cathedral
86
Famous medieval stained glass example?
The glass in York Minster is a famous example.
87
What commodity became an important English export during the middle ages?
Wool
88
Where did weavers come from during the middle ages?
France
89
Where did engineers come from during the middle ages?
Germany
90
Where did glass manufacturers come from during the middle ages?
Italy
91
Where did canal builders come from during the middle ages?
Holland
92
A civil war to decide who should be king of England? I
War of the Roses
93
When was the War of the Roses
1455
94
Who were the Houses in The War of the Roses
It was fought between the supporters of two families: the House of Lancaster (red) and the House of York (white)
95
How did the War of the Roses end?
Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485
96
Which house was King Richard III
York (white)
97
Which house was Henry Tudor (King Henry VII)?
House of Lancaster (red)
98
Who was killed at Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485?
King Richard the III (York)
99
Who did Henry VII marry uniting the two families?
Elizabeth of York, Richard the III's niece
100
Who was the first king of the House of Tudor?
Henry VII
101
Who centralised power and reduce the power of the nobles?
Henry VII
102
What was Henry VIII most famous for?
Breaking away from the church of Rome and marrying 6 times.
103
6 wives of Henry VIII in order
CAJACC
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
104
Where was Catherine of Aragon from?
Spain
105
Who was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon?
Mary
106
Why did Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon?
Needed an heir
107
Why was Anne Boleyn executed at the tower of London
accused of taking lovers
108
Who was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn?
Elizabeth
109
Who was Henry VIII's first heir?
Edward - Jane Seymour died shortly after his birth
110
Where was Anne of Cleves from and why did Henry VIII marry her?
German princess, political reasons, divorced her soon after.
111
Who was Catherine Howard?
Cousin of Anne Boleyn, accused of taking lovers and executed.
112
Who was Catherine Parr?
Last wife of Henry VIII, widow who married Henry late in his life. She survived him and married again but died soon after.
113
When did Henry VIII establish the church of England?
When trying to divorce Catherine of Aragon
114
What was the Reformation?
movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestants formed their own churches.
115
During which time did Protestant ideas gained strength?
16th century
116
During the reign of Henry VIII, Wales became formally united with England by?
Act for the Government of Wales.
117
Who was the successor of Henry VIII?
His son by Jane Seymour, Edward VI
118
What religion was Edward VI?
Protestant
119
When was the Book of Common Prayer written?
During the reign of Edward VI
120
Edward VI died at the age of
15, after ruling for just over six years
121
Who became queen after Edwward VI?
his half sister by Catherine of Aragon, Mary
122
Why was Queen Mary known as ‘Bloody Mary’?
Devout Catholic, persecuted protestants
123
Who succeeded Queen Mary?
Half sister, Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn
124
What religion was Elizabeth?
Protestant
125
Why was Elizabeth I popular?
She balanced religious views
126
What cemented Elizabeth I's popularity?
1588 defeart of the Spanish Armada sent by Spain to conquer England and restore Catholicism.
127
When did the predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolish the authority of the Pope in Scotland and Roman Catholic religious services became illegal?
In 1560
128
The queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart (often now called ‘Mary, Queen of Scots’) was what religion?
Catholic
129
How old was Mary Stuart when she became Queen?
a week old
130
Where was Mary Stuart's childhood spent?
France
131
Why did Mary Queen of Scots flee to England?
She suspected of being involved in her husband's murder
132
Who did Mary of Queen of Scots relinquish power to when she fled to England?
Protestant son, James VI of Scotland
133
How did Mary Queen of Scots die?
She was Elizabeth I’s cousin and hoped that Elizabeth might help her, but Elizabeth suspected Mary of wanting to take over the English throne, and kept her a prisoner for 20 years. Mary was eventually executed, accused of plotting against Elizabeth I.
134
Who Sir Francis Drake?
One of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was one of the founders of England’s naval tradition.
135
What was Sir Francis Drake's ship called?
Golden Hind
136
When did English settlers first begin to colonise the eastern coast of America?
During Elizabethan times
137
When was William Shakespeare born?
1564
138
When did William Shakespeare die?
1616
139
Did Elizabeth I have a child heir?
No, she never married and never had any children
140
What year did Elizabeth I die?
1603
141
After Elizabeth I who became King?
Her cousin James VI of Scotland became King James I of England, Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained a separate country.
142
What was King James I originally known as?
King James VI of Scotland
143
What is another term for the English bible called the Authorized Version?
King James Bible
144
Who extended English control outside the Pale and had established English authority over the whole country of Ireland?.
Henry VII and Henry VIII
145
What were the settlements called in Ireland, such as the one in Ulster in Northern Ireland?
Plantations
146
Who came after James I?
Charles I
147
Who believed in the Divine Right of Kings?
James I & Charles I
148
Who tried to rule without Parliament's input at all for 11 years?
Charles I
149
Who wanted the worship of the Church of England to include more ceremony and introduced a revised Prayer Book?
Charles I
150
Who tried to impose this Prayer Book on the Presbyterian Church in Scotland?
Charles I
151
Why and when did Charles the I recall parliament?
1640, to fight off pissed of Scots
152
No monarch has set foot in parliament since when?
Since Charles I tried to arrest 5 members of parliamenrt, who was trying to take control of the English army order to fight rebellions in Ireland, who were not happy about growing Puritan control
153
When did Civil War begin?
1642
154
What were the two sides of the Civil War?
those who supported the king (the Cavaliers) and those who supported Parliament (the Roundheads).
155
At which battles were the King's armies defeated?
Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby.
156
By which year was it clear that Parliament had won the war?
1646
157
When was Charles I executed
1649
158
When did England declared itself a republic, called the Commonwealth and no longer had a monarch?
In 1649 when Charles I was executed
159
Who was sent to Ireland to quash the Royalist army?
General Oliver Cromwell, violent establishment of power in Ireland, making him still a controversial figure
160
Who declared Charles II to be king?
The Scots
161
Who was crowned king of Scotland after Charles I and led a Scottish army into England?
Charles II
162
Who was defeated at the Battles of Dunbar and Worcester?
Charles II's army
163
Where did Charles II hide after being defeated at Worcester?
In an oak tree
164
When did Parliament take control over England, Scotland & Wales?
After the defeat of Charles II by Oliver Cromwell
165
Who was given the title Lord Protector and ruled until his death in 1658?
Oliver Cromwell
166
Who become Lord Protector after Cromwell's death?
His son Richard
167
What happened in May 1660
The Restoration - Parliament invited Charles II to come back from exile in the Netherlands. He was crowned King Charles II of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
168
Which church was re-established in May 1660?
Church of England
169
In what year of Charles II’s reign was there was a major outbreak of plague in London where thousands of people died?
1665
170
In what year was the great fire that destroyed much of the city, including many churches and St Paul’s Cathedral?
1666
171
Who built the new St Paul’s?
Sir Christopher Wren
172
Who wrote about the events of the mid 1600's in famous diary?
Samuel Pepys
173
When did The Habeas Corpus Act became law?
1679
174
What is Habeus Corpus?
‘you must present the person in court’. Every prisoner has a right to a court hearing.
175
When was the Royal Society formed?
Reign of Charles II
176
What is the world's oldest surviving scientific society?
the Royal Society
177
Who were two early members of the Royal Society?
Sir Edmund Halley and Sir Isaac Newton.
178
When did Sir Isaac Newton live?
1643–1727
179
Where was Isaac Newton born?
Lincolnshire, eastern England
180
Where did Isaac Newton study?
Cambridge University
181
What was Newton's most famous work?
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (‘Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy’), which showed how gravity applied to the whole universe.
182
Who discovered that white light is made up of the colours of the rainbow?
Newton
183
When did Charles II die?
1685
184
Who became king after Charles II died?
James, King James II in England, Wales and Ireland
185
What was James II called in Scotland?
James the VII
186
What did Act of Parliament forbid that James II allowed
Allowing Roman Catholics to be army Officers
187
Who arrested some bishops of the Church of England?
James II
188
Who was James II’s elder daughter?
Mary
189
Who did James II’s daughter marry?
Her cousin William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands.
190
When did important Protestants in England asked William of Orange to invade England and proclaim himself king?.
In 1688
191
What happened when William of Orange invaded England?
There was no resistance, James fled to France and William took over the throne, becoming William III in England, Wales and Ireland, and William II of Scotland.
192
Why was it called ‘Glorious Revolution’?
No fighting, guaranteed the power of Parliament, ending the threat of a monarch ruling on his or her own
193
Who wanted to regain the throne and invaded Ireland with the help of a French army?
James II
194
At which battle did William III defeat James II in 1690?
Battle of the Boyne
195
What were the consequences of William III regaining control of Ireland after James II tried to invade?
Restrictions on Roman Catholics, limited power
196
An armed rebellion in support of whom was quashed at
| Killiecrankie?
James II
197
All Scottish clans were required formally to accept whom as king by taking an oath?
William III (William II in Scotland)
198
Who were late in taking the oath to accept William and were killed?
The MacDonalds of Glencoe
199
What were the supporters of James II called?
Jacobites.
200
When was the Declaration of Rights was read, confirming that the king would no longer be able to raise taxes or administer justice without agreement from Parliament.
Coronation of William & Mary
201
When was the The Bill of Rights, confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the king’s power
1689
202
After the 1689 Bill of Rights, a new parliament had to be elected at least every how many years?
3 years, later became 7, now 5
203
Which two parties formed in parliament in the late 1600s?
Whigs and the Tories. (The modern Conservative Party is still sometimes referred to as the Tories.)
204
In what year were newspapers allowed to operate without a gov license?
1695
205
When did the ‘constitutional monarchy’ begin?
After the Glorious Revolution
206
Who could vote after the Glorious Revolution?
Only men who owned property of a certain value.
207
What were ‘pocket boroughs’?
Constituencies were controlled by a single wealthy family.Otherwise ‘rotten boroughs’
208
When did the the first Jews to come to Britain since the Middle Ages?
1656 to settle in London
209
Between 1680 and 1720 many refugees called what came from France who were Protestants and had been persecuted for their religion?
Huguenots
210
Who was William and Mary’s successor?
Queen Anne
211
The 1707 Act of Union, known as the Treaty of Union in Scotland did what?
Creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.
212
Was Scotland an independent country after the Treaty of Union (Act of Union) in 1707?
No, but kept its own legal and education systems and Presbyterian Church.
213
When did Queen Anne die?
1714
214
Who was chosen by parliament to be King after Queen Anne's death in 1714?
German, George I, to be the next king, because he was Anne’s nearest Protestant relative.
215
When was there a failed attempt by Scottish Jacobites to put James II’s son on the throne?
After Queen Anne's death ini 1714
216
Why did George I need to rely on his ministers more than normal?
He didn't speak very good English
217
The first man to be called Prime Minister this was?
Sir Robert Walpole
218
When was Walpole PM?
1721 to 1742
219
When was there an attempt to put Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), the grandson of James II in power?
1745
220
Who was defeated by George II’s army at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 and then fled back to Europe?
Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie)
221
What were the Highland Clearances after Culloden?
Many Scottish landlords destroyed individual small farms (known as ‘crofts’) to make space for large flocks of sheep and cattle. Evictions became very common in the early 19th century. Many Scottish people left for North America at this time.
222
When did Robert Burns live?
1759–96
223
Who is known as 'The Bard' in Scotland?
Robert Burns
224
What is Robert Burns' most famous poem?
Auld Lang Syne
225
What was the period called during the 18th century where new ideas about politics, philosophy and science were developed?
The Enlightenment
226
Which Scottish Enlightenment thinker developed ideas about economics
Adam Smith
227
Which Scotsman's ideas about human nature continue to influence philosophers?
David Hume
228
Whose work on steam power helped the progress of the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt
229
Before the 18th century, what was biggest source of employment in Britain? T
agriculture
230
Britain was the first country to do what during the 18th and 19th centuries?
industrialise on a large scale
231
The development of what process for the mass production of steel led to the development of the shipbuilding industry and the railways?
Bessemer process
232
What kinds of jobs became the main source of employment during the Industrial revolution?
Manufacturing
233
Who was born in 1732 and originally trained and worked as a barber and then became known for textile mills/carding?
Richard Arkwright
234
Why were canals built in the new industrial areas in the middle and north of England?
To link factories
235
Who mapped the coast of Australia
James Cook
236
What was originally set up to trade and gained control over large parts of India?
The East India Company
237
Where did Britain import sugar and tobacco from?
North America & The West Indies
238
Who opened the UK's first curry house in 1810?
Sake Dean Mahomet
239
Who introduced Shampooing to the UK?
Sake Dean Mahomet
240
Who married an Irish girl named Jane Daly in 1786?
Sake Dean Mahomet
241
Where did slaves primarily come from?
West Africa
242
The first formal anti-slavery groups were set up by whom and when?
the Quakers in the late 1700s
243
Who played a key role in helping abolish slavery?
Williams Wilberforce, evangelical Christian and a member of Parliament
244
When was slavery abolished throughout the British Empire?
1833 the Emancipation Act
245
Who stopped slave ships from other countries, freed the slaves and punished the slave traders?
The Royal Navy
246
Who replaced the slaves as workers sugar plantations, mines in South Africa, railways in East Africa and in the army in Kenya?
2 million Indian and Chinese workers
247
In what year did 13 American colonies declare their independence of Britain?
1776
248
In what year did Britain recognise the independence of the American colonies?
1783
249
When was there a revolution in France?
In 1789
250
Britain’s navy fought and won against whom at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805?
French (under Napoleon) and Spanish fleets
251
Who was in charge of the British fleet at Trafalgar and was killed in the battle?
Admiral Nelson
252
What is the monument called Trafalgar Square, London?
Nelson’s Column
253
Where is Horatio Nelson's ship, HMS Victory?
Portsmouth.
254
When was the Battle of Waterloo?
In 1815
255
Who defeated whom at the Battle of Waterloo?
Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of Wellington
256
Who was known as the Iron Duke who later became Prime Minister?
Duke of Wellington
257
What did the 1800 Act of Union do?
Ireland became unified with England, Scotland and Wales, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Union Jack (Union Flag)
258
Which three flags are contained within the Union Jack?
The cross of St George, patron saint of England, is a red cross on a white ground.
The cross of St Andrew, patron saint of Scotland, is a diagonal white cross on a blue ground.
The cross of St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, is a diagonal red cross on a white ground.
259
Why is the Welsh dragon not present on the Union Jack
In the first union flag was created in the 1600s, Wales was already united with England.
260
When did Queen Victoria became queen of the UK at the age of 18.
1837
261
When did Queen Victoria reign?
1837 to 1901 (64 years)
262
How many people were part of the British Empire during the Victorian Era?
400 million people
263
Between 1853 and 1913, how many British citizens left the country?
13 million
264
Between 1870 and 1914 who came to Britain to escape persecution?
120,000 Russian and Polish Jews
265
When were the Corn Laws repealed?
1846
266
In 1847, how many hours could women and children work?
10 hours.
267
Who pioneered the railway engine and a major expansion of the railways just before Victoria came to power?
George and Robert Stephenson
268
Where was Brunel originally from?
Portsmouth, England
269
Who was responsible for constructing the Great Western Railway, which was the first major railway built in Britain.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
270
The UK produced more than half of the world’s what in the 19th century?
iron, coal and cotton cloth.
271
In 1851, the Great Exhibition opened in Hyde Park in a huge building made of steel and glass called what?
The Crystal Palace
272
What war took place between 1853 to 1856?
The Crimean War
273
During which war did Britain fight with Turkey and France against Russia?
The Crimean War
274
During which war did Queen Victoria introduce Victoria Cross medal?
The Crimean War
275
When and where was Florence Nightingale born?
1820 in Italy to English parents.
276
At what age did Florence Nightingale train as a nurse in Germany?
31
277
Where did Florence Nightingale go in 1854?
to Turkey and worked in military hospitals, treating soldiers who were fighting in the Crimean War.
278
In what year did Florence Nightingale establish the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London?
1860
279
Who is regarded as the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
280
When did the potato crop fail in Ireland?
Middle of the 19th century (1850s)
281
How many Irish died from disease and starvation during the famine?
A million
282
How many people fled Ireland during the famine?
A million
283
Who were the Fenians
Irish Nationalist movement during the 19th century that favoured complete independence.
284
During the 19th century, who advocated ‘Home Rule’, in which Ireland would remain in the UK but have its own parliament?
Charles Stuart Parnell
285
What act greatly increased the number of people with the right to vote, abolished the old pocket and rotten boroughs, but was not enough to give the working class the vote?
The Reform Act of 1832
286
Who were the campaigners who petitioned parliament to allow more working class to vote and which led to the second Reform Act of 1867?
The Chartists.
287
Acts of Parliament in 1870 and 1882 gave wives the right to what?
Keep their own earnings and property.
288
Who were the Suffragettes?
Women in the late 19th and early 20th century who fought for the right to vote.
289
Where and when was Emmeline Pankhurst born?
in Manchester in 1858.
290
Who set up the Women’s Franchise League in 1889?
Emmeline Pankhurst
291
In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst helped found what, whose members were called suffragettes?
Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)
292
In what year were women over the age of 30 were given voting rights and the right to stand for Parliament?
1918
293
In what year were women were given the right to vote at the age of 21, the same as men?
1928
294
When was the The Boer War?
1899 to 1902
295
During which war did the the British go to war in South Africa with settlers from the Netherlands?
The Boer War
296
During which century was their an orderly transition from Empire to Commonwealth?
by the second half of the 20th century
297
Rudyard Kipling was born when and where?
India in 1865
298
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907?
Rudyard Kipling
299
Who wrote the Just So Stories and The Jungle Book and the poem "If"?
Rudyard Kipling
300
What were three important measures introduced in Britain during the 20th century?
Financial help for the unemployed, old-age pensions and free school meals
301
What was introduced during the 20th century, making it easier for more people to take part in public life?
a salary for members of Parliament (MPs)
302
When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated?
28 June 1914
303
What did the following factors all lead to: a growing sense of nationalism in many European states; increasing militarism; imperialism; and the division of the major European powers into two camps
World War I (1914-1918)
304
Who were the Allied Powers in WWI?
Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Belgium, Serbia – and later, Greece, Italy, Romania and the United States.
305
How many Indians fought in WWI?
1 million, 40,000 died.
306
Who were the Central Powers in WWI?
Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and later Bulgaria.
307
How may British casualties in WWI?
2 million
308
60,000 British casualties on the first day alone in which battle of WWI?
Attack on the Somme in July 1916
309
When did WWI end?
The First World War ended at 11.00 am on 11th November 1918 with victory for Britain and its allies.
310
In 1913, the British government promised what for Ireland?
Home Rule - self-governing Ireland with its own parliament but still part of the UK, challenged by Northern Irish protestants
311
When did the Easter uprising occur against the British is Dublin?
1916
312
When was the Peace Treaty signed between Britain and Ireland?
1921
313
What happened to Ireland in 1922
It became two countries. 6 northern counties were mainly protestant and became Northern Ireland, part of Britain, the rest of the Ireland became the Irish Free State
314
When did Ireland become a Republic?
1949.
315
The conflict between those wishing for full Irish independence and those wishing to remain loyal to the British government is often referred to as what?
'The Troubles’
316
In what year did the world enter the ‘Great Depression’
1929
317
What doubled from 1 million to 2 million between 1930 and 1939
Car ownership
318
Which writers were prominent during the 30s?
Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh
319
Who published influential new theories of economics in the 1930s?
John Maynard Keynes
320
The BBC started radio broadcasts in?
1922
321
BBC began the world’s first regular television service in?
1936
322
When did Adolf Hitler come to power in Germany?
1933
323
Why did Britain and France declare war in 1939?
Hitler invaded Poland
324
Who were the Allied nations in WWII?
UK, France, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the Union of South Africa.
325
In what year did German forces defeat allied troops and advanced through France?
1940
326
Who was Britain's PM during WWII?
Winston Churchill
327
How many men were rescued from Dunkirk?
300,000
328
What and When was Battle of Britain
Air campaign against Germany in summer of 1940 using Spitfires & Hurricanes
329
What was German bombing of UK called?
Blitz
330
When did Wintson Churchill become PM?
In May 1940
331
When did Churchill die?
1965
332
What happened in Dec 1941 that lead to US entering WWII?
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor
333
On 6 June 1944, allied forces landed in Normandy, often called?
‘D-Day’
334
When did Allied forces defeat Germany?
May 1945
335
When did America drop bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, ending WWII?
August 1945
336
Who was first to split the atom?
Ernest Rutherford
337
Who discovered penicillin in 1928 while research influenza?
Alexander Fleming
338
Who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 for his discovery of penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
339
In 1945 the British people elected a Labour government led by?
Clement Atlee
340
Who started the NHS in In 1948?
Aneurin (Nye) Bevan
341
What was the purpose of NATO?
resist the perceived threat of invasion by the Soviet Union and its allies.
342
Who was famous for his ‘wind of change’ speech about decolonisation and independence for the countries of the Empire?
Harold Macmillan
343
What report helped create the welfare state?
Beveridge Report
344
Which act introduced free secondary education in England?
Education Act 1944 (often called ‘The Butler Act’)
345
Where was Dylan Thomas from?
Wales
346
How old was Dyland Thomas when he died?
39
347
During which period were there labour shortages and people asked to come work in Britain from India, and elsewhere?
40s 50s 60s
348
When were social laws were liberalised, for example in relation to divorce and to abortion in England, Wales and Scotland?
1960s
349
Why did Britain admit 28,000 people of Indian origin in the 1970s?
forced to leave Uganda
350
What did Scotsman John Logie Baird invent in the 1920s?
Television
351
What was developed by Scotsman Sir Robert Watson-Watt?
Radar
352
What did Sir Bernard Lovell (1913–2012) at Jodrell Bank in Cheshire was for many years the biggest in the world and continues to operate today?
radio telescope
353
When did Alan Turing (1912–54), a British mathematician, develop the Turing Machine?
1930s
354
The Scottish physician and researcher John MacLeod (1876–1935) was the co-discoverer of what?
Insulin
355
Francis Crick (1916–2004), one of those awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery of what?
DNA
356
Sir Frank Whittle (1907–96), a British Royal Air Force engineer Officer developed what?
The jet engine
357
Sir Christopher Cockerell (1910–99), a British inventor, invented what in the 1950s?
hovercraft
358
What was the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, which flew from 1976-2003?
Concorde
359
What was the aircraft capable of taking off vertically, was also designed and developed in the UK?
The Harrier jump jet
360
In the 1960s, James Goodfellow (1937–) invented what?
ATM, first used at Barclays 1967
361
What was pioneered in Britain by physiologist Sir Robert Edwards (1925–) and gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe (1913–88).
IVF
362
When was the first test tube baby born?
1978
363
In 1996, two British scientists, Sir Ian Wilmot (1944–) and Keith Campbell (1954–2012), led a team which was the first to succeed in doing what?
Cloning Dolly the sheep
364
Sir Peter Mansfield (1933–), a British scientist, is the co-inventor of what?
MRI
365
Sir Tim Berners-Lee (1955–) invented what?
World Wide Web
366
Who reduced the power of the Nobles and centralised rule?
Henry VII
367
When did prices of goods and raw materials begin to rise sharply and the exchange rate between the pound and other currencies was unstabl, which caused problems with the ‘balance of payments’: imports of goods were valued at more than the price paid for exports.
1970s
368
When was the Northern Ireland Parliament suspended and Northern Ireland was directly ruled by the UK government?
1972
369
How many lives were lost due to violence in Northern Ireland?
3000
370
Who won an Olympic gold medal in the pentathlon in 1972 and was made a Dame of the British Empire in 2000 in recognition of her work?
Mary Peters
371
West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands formed what 1957?
European Economic Community (EEC)
372
When did the UK join the EEC?
1973
373
Margaret Thatcher was the daughter of a?
grocer
374
Margaret Thatcher trained as a?
chemist and lawyer
375
Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister of the UK in what year?
1979
376
Who was the longest serving PM of the 20th century?
Margaret Thatcher
377
What saw a great increase in the role of the City of London as an international centre for investments, insurance and other financial services?
Deregulation
378
What declined during Tatcher's time in office?
Traditional industries, such as shipbuilding and coal mining
379
When did Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic?
1982
380
Who was Prime Minister after Mrs Thatcher, and helped establish the Northern Ireland peace process?
John Major
381
Roald Dahl was born in?
Wales, to Norwegian parents
382
Roald Dahl served in the Royal Air Force during which war?
WWII
383
In 1997 the Labour Party led was elected, led by whom?
Tony Blair
384
Who introduced a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly?
The Blair government
385
When was the Good Friday Agreement signed?
1998
386
What was elected in 1999 but suspended in 2002 and not reinstated until 2007?
The Northern Ireland Assembly
387
Who took over as PM in 2007?
Gordon Brown
388
When did British combat troops leave Iraq?
2009
389
The UK now operates in Afghanistan as part of what?
the United Nations (UN) mandated 50-nation International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
390
Who was building up the Afghan National Security Forces ahead of full hand-over at the end of 2014?
ISAF (International Security Assistance Force)
391
In May 2010, and for the first time in the UK since February 1974, what happened?
No political party won an overall majority in the General Election.
392
Who became PM in 2010?
David Cameron
