A Long & Illustrious History Flashcards
What age did the first hunter-gatherers live in the UK?
Stone Age
For much of the Stone Age, Britain was connected to the continent by what?
A land bridge
What animals did hunter-gatherers hunt?
deer and horses
When did Britain become permanently separated from the continent?
10,000 years ago.
When did the first farmers arrive in Britain?
6,000 years ago.
Who were the ancestors of the first farmers?
probably came from south-east Europe.
What did the first settlers build?
Houses, tombs and monuments on the land. One of these monuments, Stonehenge
Where is Stonehenge?
Wiltshire.
What was stonehenge?
special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies.
Which is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe?
Skara Brae on Orkney, off the north coast of Scotland
When did people learn to make bronze?
4000 years ago.
When did people live in roundhouses & bury their dead in round barrows?
The Bronze age
During the Bronze age, bronze & gold was used to make
tools, ornaments & weapons
What followed the Bronze age?
The Iron Age
How did people live during the Iron Age?
People still lived in roundhouses, grouped together into larger settlements, and sometimes defended sites called hill forts.
Where can you see an Iron Age Hill Fort today?
Maiden Castle, Dorset
What were most people during the Iron Age?
farmers, craft workers or warriors.
What language did Iron Age people speak?
Celtic language family. Similar languages were spoken across Europe in the Iron Age, and related languages are still spoken today in some parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland
What era had a sophisticated culture and economy, where the first coins to be minted in Britain, some inscribed with the names of kings?
Iron Age
In what year did Julius Caesar lead a Roman invasion of Britain?
55 BC
Was 55 BC invasion attempt by Julius Caesar successful? thanks
No, for nearly 100 years Britain remained separate from the Roman Empire
Who led a successful invasion of Britain in 43 AD?
Emperor Claudius
Who was Boudicca?
tribal leader who fought against the Romans in 43 AD, queen of the Iceni in what is now eastern England. She is still remembered today and there is a statue of her on Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of Parliament.
Where were there area unconquered by The Romans?
Scotland
Who built Hadrian’s wall in the north of England & why?
Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts (ancestors of the Scottish people). Included in the wall were a number of forts. Parts of Hadrian’s Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda, can still be seen. It is a popular area for walkers and is a UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site.
How long did the Romans remain in britain
400 years
Who built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, and Who introduced new plants and animals?
The Romans.
When did Cristians first appear
3rd and 4th centuries AD
When did the Romans leave Britain, never to return?
410 AD
Who invaded Britain from Northern Europe after the Romans left?
Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons.
When were Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain, mainly in what is now England?
By 600 AD
Where is the burial place of an Anglo-Saxon king?
Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk. This king was buried with treasure and armour, all placed in a ship which was then covered by a mound of earth.
Which areas remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule?
Parts of the west of Britain, including much of what is now Wales, and Scotland
Were the Anglo-Saxons Christians when they first came to Britain?
No but missionaries came to Britain to preach about Christianity. Missionaries from Ireland spread the religion in the north.
Who would become the patron saint of Ireland?
St Patrick
Who was St Columba?
Missionary with monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland.
Who led missionaries from Rome, who spread Christianity in the south?
St Augustine, who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury
Where did the Vikings come from?
The Vikings came from Denmark and Norway
When & why did the Vikings first come to Britain
AD 789 to raid coastal towns and take away goods and slaves. Then, they began to stay and form their own communities in the east of England and Scotland.
The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England united under whom to defeat the Vikings?
King Alfred the Great
In which area of Britain did many Viking invaders remain?
east and north of England, in an area known as the Danelaw (many places names there, such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe, come from the Viking languages). The Viking settlers mixed with local communities and some converted to Christianity.
Which Danish king briefly ruled England?
Canute
In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings had encouraged the people to unite under whom?
King Kenneth MacAlpin. The term Scotland began to be used to describe that country.
When was the Battle of Hastings
1066
Who defeated whom at the Battle of Hastings?
William, the Duke of Normandy (in what is now northern France) killed Harold, the Saxon king of England. William became king of England and is known as William the Conqueror.
What is commemorated by the Bayeux Tapestry, which can still be seen in France today?
William the Conqueror’s defeat of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings
What was the last successful foreign invasion of England?
The Norman Conquest
What did the Norman Conquest lead to?
many changes in government and social structures in England. Norman French, the language of the new ruling class, influenced the development of the English language.
Did the Normans invade Wales & Scotland?
Wales, yes but territory gained back, Scotland no.
William sent people all over England to draw up lists of all the towns and villages. The people who lived there, who owned the land and what animals they owned were also listed in what book which still exists?
Domesday Book.
Ages in orders
Stone Age (over hunter gatherers at first 10,000 years ago, then farmers 6,000 years ago, Stonehenge, Skara Brae)
Bronze Age (4,000 years ago)
Iron Age (Maiden Castle, Dorset)
Romans (Roman Emperor Hadrian built wall to keep out picts from Scotland, never conquered, Christianity)
Anglo-Saxons (600 AD Anglo Saxon king buried at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk)
Vikings (789 AD, defeated by King Alfred, Canut ruled briefly, Kenneth MacAlpin Scotland)
Norman Conquest (1066 Battle of Hastings)
What was period after the Norman Conquest up until about 1485?
Middle Ages (or the medieval period)
Who introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England and when?
King Edward I of England, In 1284
What were Conwy and Caernarvon?
Huge castles built by England to maintain power in Wales after the annex in 1284
When were the last Welsh rebellions defeated and English language & laws introduced to Wales?
By the middle of the 15th century
What was the Battle of Bannockburn?
In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English
Why did the English first go to Ireland?
As troops to help the Irish king and remained to build their own settlements.
When did the English rule an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin?
By 1200
What were the Crusades?
European Christians fought for control of Holy Land
What was the Hundred Years War and how long did it last?
War with France that lasted 116 years
When & what was the Battle of Agincourt?
1415, where King Henry V’s vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French.
When did the English leave France?
The English left France in the 1450s.
Who used a system of land ownership called fuedalism?
The Normans
When did plague come to Britain?
In 1348
How much of the population died from the black death?
One third of the population
How did the plague change society
smaller population, peasant’s revolt, gentry, urbanization, middle class
What were the roots of parliament?
middle ages: king’s council of advisers, which included important noblemen and the leaders of the Church.
When and what was Magna Carta?
1215, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to a number of demands, king was subject to the law, restricted the king’s power to collect taxes or to make or change laws.
What are the two separate parts of the Parliament called?
Houses
The nobility, great landowners and bishops made up which house of parliament?
House of Lords
Knights, who were usually smaller landowners, and wealthy people from towns and cities were elected to sit in which house of parliament?
the House of Commons
What were the 3 houses of parliament in Scotland called?
Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy.
In England, judges developed ‘common law’ by a process of
precedence (that is, following previous decisions) and tradition.
In Scotland, the legal system developed slightly differently and laws were
‘codified’ (that is, written down).
What did the King speak after the Norman Conquest?
Norman French
What did the peasants speak after the Norman Conquest?
Anglo-Saxon.
Which two languages combined to become English?
Norman French & Anglo-Saxon
‘park’ and ‘beauty’ are from which language?
Norman French
‘apple’, ‘cow’ and ‘summer’ are from which language?
Anglo-Saxon
Which which year in England were official documents were being written in English?
1400
When did Geoffrey Chaucer write The Canterbury Tales?
Years leading up to 1400
Who printed The Canterbury Tales using the printing press?
William Caxton
What did Scots poet John Barbour write
The Bruce, about the Battle of Bannockburn.
When were Windsor and Edinburgh castles built?
Middle Ages
Famous example of a medieval cathedral?
Lincoln Cathedral
Famous medieval stained glass example?
The glass in York Minster is a famous example.
What commodity became an important English export during the middle ages?
Wool
Where did weavers come from during the middle ages?
France
Where did engineers come from during the middle ages?
Germany
Where did glass manufacturers come from during the middle ages?
Italy
Where did canal builders come from during the middle ages?
Holland
A civil war to decide who should be king of England? I
War of the Roses
When was the War of the Roses
1455
Who were the Houses in The War of the Roses
It was fought between the supporters of two families: the House of Lancaster (red) and the House of York (white)
How did the War of the Roses end?
Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485
Which house was King Richard III
York (white)
Which house was Henry Tudor (King Henry VII)?
House of Lancaster (red)
Who was killed at Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485?
King Richard the III (York)
Who did Henry VII marry uniting the two families?
Elizabeth of York, Richard the III’s niece
Who was the first king of the House of Tudor?
Henry VII
Who centralised power and reduce the power of the nobles?
Henry VII
What was Henry VIII most famous for?
Breaking away from the church of Rome and marrying 6 times.
6 wives of Henry VIII in order
CAJACC
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Where was Catherine of Aragon from?
Spain
Who was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon?
Mary
Why did Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon?
Needed an heir
Why was Anne Boleyn executed at the tower of London
accused of taking lovers
Who was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn?
Elizabeth
Who was Henry VIII’s first heir?
Edward - Jane Seymour died shortly after his birth
Where was Anne of Cleves from and why did Henry VIII marry her?
German princess, political reasons, divorced her soon after.
Who was Catherine Howard?
Cousin of Anne Boleyn, accused of taking lovers and executed.
Who was Catherine Parr?
Last wife of Henry VIII, widow who married Henry late in his life. She survived him and married again but died soon after.
When did Henry VIII establish the church of England?
When trying to divorce Catherine of Aragon
What was the Reformation?
movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestants formed their own churches.
During which time did Protestant ideas gained strength?
16th century
During the reign of Henry VIII, Wales became formally united with England by?
Act for the Government of Wales.
Who was the successor of Henry VIII?
His son by Jane Seymour, Edward VI
What religion was Edward VI?
Protestant
When was the Book of Common Prayer written?
During the reign of Edward VI
Edward VI died at the age of
15, after ruling for just over six years
Who became queen after Edwward VI?
his half sister by Catherine of Aragon, Mary
Why was Queen Mary known as ‘Bloody Mary’?
Devout Catholic, persecuted protestants
Who succeeded Queen Mary?
Half sister, Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn
What religion was Elizabeth?
Protestant
Why was Elizabeth I popular?
She balanced religious views
What cemented Elizabeth I’s popularity?
1588 defeart of the Spanish Armada sent by Spain to conquer England and restore Catholicism.
When did the predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolish the authority of the Pope in Scotland and Roman Catholic religious services became illegal?
In 1560
The queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart (often now called ‘Mary, Queen of Scots’) was what religion?
Catholic
How old was Mary Stuart when she became Queen?
a week old
Where was Mary Stuart’s childhood spent?
France
Why did Mary Queen of Scots flee to England?
She suspected of being involved in her husband’s murder
Who did Mary of Queen of Scots relinquish power to when she fled to England?
Protestant son, James VI of Scotland
How did Mary Queen of Scots die?
She was Elizabeth I’s cousin and hoped that Elizabeth might help her, but Elizabeth suspected Mary of wanting to take over the English throne, and kept her a prisoner for 20 years. Mary was eventually executed, accused of plotting against Elizabeth I.
Who Sir Francis Drake?
One of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was one of the founders of England’s naval tradition.
What was Sir Francis Drake’s ship called?
Golden Hind
When did English settlers first begin to colonise the eastern coast of America?
During Elizabethan times
When was William Shakespeare born?
1564
When did William Shakespeare die?
1616
Did Elizabeth I have a child heir?
No, she never married and never had any children
What year did Elizabeth I die?
1603
After Elizabeth I who became King?
Her cousin James VI of Scotland became King James I of England, Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained a separate country.
What was King James I originally known as?
King James VI of Scotland
What is another term for the English bible called the Authorized Version?
King James Bible
Who extended English control outside the Pale and had established English authority over the whole country of Ireland?.
Henry VII and Henry VIII
What were the settlements called in Ireland, such as the one in Ulster in Northern Ireland?
Plantations
Who came after James I?
Charles I
Who believed in the Divine Right of Kings?
James I & Charles I
Who tried to rule without Parliament’s input at all for 11 years?
Charles I
Who wanted the worship of the Church of England to include more ceremony and introduced a revised Prayer Book?
Charles I
Who tried to impose this Prayer Book on the Presbyterian Church in Scotland?
Charles I
Why and when did Charles the I recall parliament?
1640, to fight off pissed of Scots
No monarch has set foot in parliament since when?
Since Charles I tried to arrest 5 members of parliamenrt, who was trying to take control of the English army order to fight rebellions in Ireland, who were not happy about growing Puritan control
When did Civil War begin?
1642
What were the two sides of the Civil War?
those who supported the king (the Cavaliers) and those who supported Parliament (the Roundheads).
At which battles were the King’s armies defeated?
Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby.
By which year was it clear that Parliament had won the war?
1646
