A-Level Chapter 17 Flashcards
Metabolic processes that require energy
Active transport
Anabolic reactions (building of polymers(proteins) as well as nucleic acids for growth)
Movement of cilia, flagella and contractile filaments in muscle cells
Energy flow through organisms
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy is transported from an organism to another
e.g. producers, consumers, decomposers and the heat they product while respiring
Photosynthesis
Occurs in plants
Light energy is absorbed and forms glucose from CO2 and water
Respiration
Occurs in every organism
Organic molecules such as glucose- broken down into inorganic molecules like CO2 and water
Energy from the bonds broken supplies ADP with energy turning it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP supplies other cells with energy and turns back into ADP
Carbon Hydrogen bonds
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ATP Production (Excited electrons)
Electrons are raised to higher energy levels
- electrons in pigments are excited by sun light (chlorophyll)
- high energy electrons are released when chemical bonds are broken (glucose)
Structure and function of chloroplasts
Site for photosynthesis
Large surface area for maximum light absorption
Contains - stroma, thylakoids, lamallae, granum (stacked thylakoids)
Absorbs different wavelengths / colours of light
ATP Production (Electron transport chain)
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Light dependant stage
Sunlight energy is used to form ATP and use hydrogen from water to reduce coenzyme NADP to NADPH
Light independent stage
Hydrogen from NADP and CO2 is used to make organic molecules such as glucose. The energy required for this is given by ATP
Non cyclic photophosphorylation
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Photolysis
When water is split using the energy from the sunlight
This produces an oxygen atom, two hydrogen+ ions and two electrons- which is then excited and transported by the electron transport chain
Cyclic photophosphorylation
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Calvin cycle
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Regeneration of RuBP
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