A L1.3 BP & env Flashcards
1
Q
BP correlations within the family
A
Genetic correlation Results correlation
MZ twins (1.0) 0.46
DZ twins (0.5) 0.32
Siblings (0.5) 0.30
Parent offspring (0.5) 0.24
Spouse-spouse (??) 0.15
2
Q
Differences b/w parent and offspring
A
Generation Gap: Env of parent & offspring is different
3
Q
Difference b/w MZ/DZ twins & Siblings
A
- MZ & DZ twins share similar/same environment (even same gestation)
- ∴ show significant difference from siblings
4
Q
Source of different variations
A
Variations Source
b/w pop Env
b/w individuals Genes
Within individuals Env
5
Q
Observe/measure env factors
A
- Intervening
- Take out of env and put in new
- Observational
- Change env they are in
6
Q
Na+
A
- ↑ Salt → ↑ ECF in body → ↑ BP
- 150mmol Na/day recommended; BP ↑0.04mmHg/mmol Na/day
- Correlation of salt & BP:
- Weak b/w pop for healthy subjects
- None within pop for healthy subjects
- Steep for elderly
- Kidney starts to lose function with age → unable to balance Na
- Hypertensive subjects → low salt diet ↓BP
7
Q
Alcohol
A
- ↑ alcohol → ↑ BP
- Independent of other factors
- But is reversible (i.e cut down beer → BP & CV risks)
- Sympathetic NS activated by alcohol (may contribute to ↑BP)
8
Q
K+
A
- ↑K+ → ↓BP (weak correlation) (But low K+ diet ↓BP in hypertensive subjects
- From fruits and veg
9
Q
Na/K ratio
A
- Na/K ratio best express correlation with BP variations within pop
- i.e those with high Na & low K diet shows a high BP
- But not very accurate (does not take into account lifestyle differences, i.e. amount of processed food taken by different groups & amount of exercise…)
10
Q
Ca2+ & Mg2+
A
- ↓Ca → ↑BP
- Controversial
11
Q
Fats
A
- No relationship b/w fats & BP
- Only for omega3-polyunsaturated fats → ↓BP in hypertensive subjects
- May make prostanoids (vasodilator compounds)
12
Q
Exercise
A
- Fitter → ↓BP
13
Q
Psychosocial stress
A
- Hard to measure ∴ unreliable conclusions
14
Q
Smoking
A
- BP rises during smoking
- BUT long-term smokers tend to have lower BP
- May be result of smoking being an appetite depressant → ∴↓BMI
15
Q
Population variations
A
- Populations variation in BP differs more in mean than shape
- Migration studies:
- Japanese moved from Japan → Hawaii (continue observations)
- ↑BMI → ↑BP over the years & after generations