A L1.3 BP & env Flashcards

1
Q

BP correlations within the family

A

Genetic correlation Results correlation

MZ twins (1.0) 0.46

DZ twins (0.5) 0.32

Siblings (0.5) 0.30

Parent offspring (0.5) 0.24

Spouse-spouse (??) 0.15

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2
Q

Differences b/w parent and offspring

A

Generation Gap: Env of parent & offspring is different

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3
Q

Difference b/w MZ/DZ twins & Siblings

A
  • MZ & DZ twins share similar/same environment (even same gestation)
  • ∴ show significant difference from siblings
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4
Q

Source of different variations

A

Variations Source

b/w pop Env

b/w individuals Genes

Within individuals Env

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5
Q

Observe/measure env factors

A
  • Intervening
    • Take out of env and put in new
  • Observational
    • Change env they are in
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6
Q

Na+

A
  • ↑ Salt → ↑ ECF in body → ↑ BP
  • 150mmol Na/day recommended; BP ↑0.04mmHg/mmol Na/day
  • Correlation of salt & BP:
    • Weak b/w pop for healthy subjects
    • None within pop for healthy subjects
    • Steep for elderly
      • Kidney starts to lose function with age → unable to balance Na
    • Hypertensive subjects → low salt diet ↓BP
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7
Q

Alcohol

A
  • ↑ alcohol → ↑ BP
    • Independent of other factors
  • But is reversible (i.e cut down beer → BP & CV risks)
  • Sympathetic NS activated by alcohol (may contribute to ↑BP)
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8
Q

K+

A
  • ↑K+ → ↓BP (weak correlation) (But low K+ diet ↓BP in hypertensive subjects
  • From fruits and veg
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9
Q

Na/K ratio

A
  • Na/K ratio best express correlation with BP variations within pop
    • i.e those with high Na & low K diet shows a high BP
    • But not very accurate (does not take into account lifestyle differences, i.e. amount of processed food taken by different groups & amount of exercise…)
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10
Q

Ca2+ & Mg2+

A
  • ↓Ca → ↑BP
  • Controversial
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11
Q

Fats

A
  • No relationship b/w fats & BP
  • Only for omega3-polyunsaturated fats → ↓BP in hypertensive subjects
    • May make prostanoids (vasodilator compounds)
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12
Q

Exercise

A
  • Fitter → ↓BP
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13
Q

Psychosocial stress

A
  • Hard to measure ∴ unreliable conclusions
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14
Q

Smoking

A
  • BP rises during smoking
  • BUT long-term smokers tend to have lower BP
    • May be result of smoking being an appetite depressant → ∴↓BMI
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15
Q

Population variations

A
  • Populations variation in BP differs more in mean than shape
  • Migration studies:
    • Japanese moved from Japan → Hawaii (continue observations)
    • ↑BMI → ↑BP over the years & after generations
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