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A and p > a and p lecture 10 > Flashcards

a and p lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of artires

A
  • Thicker Tunica media (controlling blood pressure)
  • Much more internal and external elastic laminae, under higher pressure
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2
Q

Three classes of each arteial wall depending on size and function

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • Arterioles
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3
Q

Elastic Arteries (conducting)

A

largest in diameter, inculde aorta and immediat branches, nearest to heart. Highest pressure of any vessels

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4
Q

Muscular arteries (distributing)

A

Intermediate in diameter, well developed tunica media, mostly smooth muschles. Most smallar branches aorta, include mostly smallar artires supply organs

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5
Q

Pressure receptors (barorceptors)

A

In the aorta, and also in common carotid artery in the neck. Detect blood oxygen, CO2 and Hydrogen ion concentrations

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6
Q

Vein function

A
  • outnumber arteries (70%) of the body is veins
  • larger average diameter
  • Function as blood resivars
  • Thinner walls, fewer elastic fibers, less smooth muscles and larger lumens than artiers
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7
Q

Venules

A

smallest veins, drain blood from capillary beds

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8
Q

Tiny postcapillary venules

A
  • Little more then endothelim, some surroundg connective tissie. Enables exchange material with surrounding intertalr fluif
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9
Q

Three tunics

A

More distinct when venules merge to become larger venules and then veins

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10
Q

Vein structure

A
  • Thin tunica media with few smooth muscle cells, diameter changes only slightly with vasodilation and vasoconstriction
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11
Q

Veins contain

A

venioles valves, (extensions of the tunica intima) overlap and prevent blood from flowing backward in the venous circuit. High in leg veins where blood flow toward heart opposed by gravity

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12
Q

Capillary wall consist

A

endothelium ( simple squamous epithelium) basement membrane, layer of loose C.T. scatterd pericappilary cells

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13
Q

Pericapillary cells

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, or undifferentiated smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

How does subastance move through capillaires

A

diffusion

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15
Q

Lipid-soluble and small water-soluble molcue

A

move through plasma membrain

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16
Q

Larger water-soluble molecules

A

pass through fenestrate gaps between endothelial cells

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17
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

No gaps between endothelial cells, no fenestrate, and less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types. Ex. muscle, nervous tissue

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18
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Endothelial numerous fenestrate, cytoplasm is absent and plasma membrane is made of a thin pours diaphragm, highly permeable. Ex. Intestinal villi, the ciliary process of the eye, choroid plexus

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19
Q

Sinusoidal

A

Large diameter with large fenestrate, less basement membrane. Ex. Endocrine glands (large molecules cross walls)

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20
Q

Sinusoids

A

Large diameter sinusoidal capillaries, sparse basement membrane. Ex. Liver, bone marroe

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21
Q

Venous sinuses

A

Similar in structure to sinusoids but even larger. Ex. Spleen

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22
Q

Capillary network

A
  • blood flows through metarterioles > through capillary network > flow through thoroughfare channel ( consistant ehile flow though arterial cappilaries is intemintant
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23
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle in arterioles, metartiols that regulate blood flow

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24
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

Vascular connections that allow blood to flow directly from arterioles to small veins (skipping capillaries)

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25
Q

Glomus

A

arteriovenous anastomosis with abundant smooth
muscle in walls; abundant in sole of foot, palm of hand,
terminal phalanges, nail beds; help regulate body temp by
adjusting blood flow through them

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26
Q

Neural innervation

A
  • unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers form plexi in tunica adventitia: vasoconstriction
  • small artires and areoles inverted
  • vessels of penis and clitoris inverted by parasympathetic
  • some blood vessels inverted by myelinated fibers and act as baroreceptors that monitor stretch ad detect changes in bp
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27
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

degenerative changes in arteries make them less elastic

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28
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Deposition of plaque on walls

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29
Q

Interrelationships between _____ is the dynamics of blood circulation

A

Flow, resistance, pressure

30
Q

Flow, resistance and pressure

A

Control mechanisms that regulate bp and bf

31
Q

Laminar flow

A

Streamlined, the interior of B V is smooth and equal in diameter along length, outermost area moving slowest and the center moving fastest

32
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Interrupted, rate of flow exceeds critical velocity; fluid passes a constriction, sharp turn, rough surface; partially responsible heart sounds; increases probability of thrombosis

33
Q

Blood Pressure (BP)

A

measure of force exerted by blood against the wall

34
Q

How is blood pressure measured directly

A

Using cannula into B V

35
Q

How is B P measured indirectly

A

Using auscultatory method

36
Q

Auscultory method

A

Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope ( at dr office) Korotkoff sounds

37
Q

Pressure during first sound

A

Systolic

38
Q

Pressure where sound disappears

A

Diastolic

39
Q

Blood flow equation

A

Flow=(P1 -P2/R)

40
Q

What is P1 and P2

A

Pressures in the vessel at points of one and two

41
Q

What is R

A

R is the resistance to flow

42
Q

Blood flow

A

Directly proportional to pressure differences, inversely proportional to resistance

43
Q

Resistance equation

A

Resistance = 128 (vl)/piD^4)

44
Q

What is V in resistance equation

A

Viscosity

45
Q

What is l in resistance equation

A

length of vessel

46
Q

What is D in resistance equation

A

Diameter of the vessel

47
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Flow decreases when resistance increases and vice versa. resistance proportional to blood vessel diameter, constriction of a BV increases resistance thus decreases flow

48
Q

Flow equation

A

Flow = ((P1-P2)/R) = (pi (P1-P2)D^4)/128vl)

49
Q

What happens during exersise

A

Heart beats with greater force increasing pressure in the aorta. Cappilaries to skeletal muscles increase in diameter decreasing resistance and increasing flow

50
Q

Increased flow aorta

A

It can go from 5L/min to 5 times that amount

51
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of resistance of liquid to flow, resistance is proportionate to flow

52
Q

Increase in viscosity

A

Increases the pressure required to flow

53
Q

What is viscosity influenced by

A

Hematocrit

54
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of the total BV composed of red blood cells

55
Q

What leads to increased viscosity

A

Dehydration and or uncontrolled production of RBC. Also increases workload on the heart

56
Q

Critical closing pressure

A

Pressure at which a BV collapses and BF stops

57
Q

Laplaces law

A

Force acting on BV wall is proportional to the diameter of the vessel times the BP

58
Q

Laplaces law equation

A

F= D * P; as diameter of vessel increases force on wall increases

59
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weekend part of the Vessel wall bulges out

60
Q

Compliance

A

increase in volume/ increase in pressure

61
Q

Vascular Compliamce

A

Tendency for BV volume to increase as BP increases

62
Q

The more easly vessel wall streaches

A

greater its compliance

63
Q

Venous system

A

Has large compliance (24 times greater than that of arteries) and acts as a blood reservoir

64
Q

Physiology of Systematic Circulation

A

Cross sectional area

65
Q

Cross-sectional area

A
  • Diameter of vessel decreases total cross-sectional area increases, velocity of BF decreases
    -Like a stream flows rapidly through narrow gorge but slowly through a broad plane
    -one aorta with cross cross-sectional area of 5cm^2. Total cross-sectional area of millions of capillaries is 2500 cm^2
66
Q

Blood Pressure average

A
  • 100mm HG in the aorta and then drops to 0mm Hg by time blood gets to the right atrium. due to increased resistance to flow as cross-sectional area increases
67
Q

Where is the greatest drop in pressure

A

In arterioles, regulate BF through tissues

68
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

69
Q

When does PP increase/decrease

A

Increases when stroke volume increases or vascular compliance decreases. Compliance tends decrease with age

70
Q

Pulse Pressure (PP) used

A

Take a pulse and determine heart rate and rhythmicity

A and p (4 decks)

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