A+101 module 3 Flashcards
The 6 Storage devices
HDD (hard disk drive): uses spinning magnetic disks to store data.
SDD (solid state drive): uses Flash memory chip to store data
optical drives: rends and writes data using laser technology
External hard drive: main circuit board
NAS: uses a dedicated device or server
SAN: provides block-level access to storage
HDD parts
Spindle: smallest unit of storage on a HDD
Sector: Smallest unit of storage on an HDD
Cluster: minimum addressable unit for file systems
Track: concentric circle on the surface of a platter
Cylinder: collection of tracks aligned across multiple platters
HDD speeds
5400 RPM: standard for laptop and entry desktop hard drives.
7200 RPM: mid/high end desktops. improved read/write speeds, and faster data access.
10,000 RPM: high performance desktops or server environment Fast spinning platters.
15,000 RPM: enterprise level storage solutions fastest data access times.
HDD sizes
2.5 inch: for laptops and small desktops
3.5 inch: for desktops
Partition table
Determines how the hard drive is divided.
MBR & GPT: master boot record and GUID partition table.
MBR: only 2 terabytes, old, 4 primary partitions, 3 prime and 1 extended, 23 partitions - file storage not boot processes.
Basic/dynamic
File systems
Determines how data is organized, accessed, and protected.
ReFs, NTFs, Fat32, ExFAT: FAT32 - usb flash drives. Exfat - SD cards. both removable media
Solid state drives
NVMe (non volatile memory): high peformance, low latency.
SATA (Serial ATA): Interface for connecting SSDs and HDDs to motherboard
PCIe (peripheral Component Interconnect Express): high-speed input/output bus utilized for connecting various devices.
Form factors: M.2, mSATA
Drive configurations
Refers to managing multiple storage drives to achieve desired performance, redundancy and capacity.
What are the RAIDs
Raid 0: aka stripping at least 2 devices, splitting the info evenly into the drives
Raid 1: Mirroring, at least 2 drives, 50 % overhead, copying info into different drives.
Raid 5 Stripping with parity, 3 drives minimum.
Raid 6: Stripped with double parity 4 drives needed.
Raid 10: hybrid, at least 4 drives. Strips then mirror, 50 overhead, faster than raid 1.
Removable storage
Flash drives: portable storage devices.
memory cards: compact storage
optical drives: Cds - 700 mb, DVD - 4.2 Gb single layer/8.5 dual layer, Blueray - 25 Gb
Copper cables
Ethernet cables for network.
Types: STP (sheilded twisted pair), Direct burial, and UTP (unsheilded twisted pair)
Copper cable categories
Cat 5 - up to 100 mbps, 100 meters.
Cat 5e - up to 1 Gbps, 100 meters.
Cat 6 - up to 10 Gbps at 55 meters, up to 1 Gbps at 100 meters.
Cat 6a - up to 10 Gbps, 55 meters
Cat 7 - up to 10 Gbps, 100 meters
Cat 8 up to 40 Gbps, 30 meters, normally in a data center.
Attenuation
loss of signal, Occurs over distances greater than what media is rated for
Copper cable termination standards
568A and 568B widely used for twisted air Ethernet cables
568A Always starts off with Green pair (Green Alligator)
568B Always starts off with Orange pair (Orange Basketball)
Straight through vs Crossover vs Rollover cables
Straight through: connects unlike devices, same pinout on both ends. Ex switch to router
Crossover: have both pinouts (A&B on each end) connects like devices). EX/ switch to switch
Rollover: (console cable) usb cables
Fiber cables
Use thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data uses laser or LED to transmit signal
2 types of fiber cables
Single mode: SMF, used for longer runs.
Multi mode: MMF. generally used for shorter runs
Plenum cables
Cables used for going in the ceiling in buildings.
higher fire retardant rating and low smoke characteristics
Riser cables
Cables used to go vertically to connect multiple floors in buildings.
Fire resistant properties.
high data transfer rates.
marked with CMR
Device and storage cabling (USBs)
USB 2.0: Type A, standard 480 mbps
usb 3.0: speed is faster, more features, 5Gbps
thunderbolt: apple, like usb type c
micro usb: mobile devices, tablets
mini usb: smaller than micro, most versatile.
USB type C: latest version, most versatile.
USB-A, USB-B, USB-C
USB-A: common usb cable
USB-B: printer connector, square vs. rectangle
USB-C: new standard, standard in EU, video, audio, data, and power
Display port cable
Found in computers, laptops, and monitors. Video and audio, 20 pins
DVI cable
Digital visual interface.
used to connect to monitors and projectors.
DVI-A (analog), DVI-D (digital), DVI-I
HDMI cable
High-definition multimedia interface.
for high-definition and audio transmision
VGA cable
Video graphics array.
15 pins, legacy analog video cables
Storage
SATA: offers high speed transfer rates
SCSI: connects enterprise - level storage devices. Large storage/ infrastructure, servers.
eSATA: designed for external storage devices.
IDE: used in older computer systems
EIDE: used to connect internal storage devices, non keyed connections
PS/2 connectors: used to connect peripheral devices
Front panel connectors: provide easy access to commonly used ports and functions
What do Adapters do and some types
They allow connection/ compatibility between two types of connectors, ports or interfaces
Ex.
USB to Ethernet - laptops
VGA to DVI - video cables
Thunderbolt to HDMI
Dongle: for apple products
Fiber connectors
Lucent connector (LC): little connector
Strait Tip (ST): Dated cable, push and twist to connect.
Subscriber connector (SC): has a locking mechanism, common
Copper connector
RJ11: telephone, POTS (plain old telephone system)
Registered jack (RJ):CAT cable
BNC: COAX cable, broadband (cable/internet)
F type connector
Coaxial cable connections, cable TV (CATV), Screw on, old telephone
Punchdown block connector
Telecommunication and networking, 110 (CAT5), 66, chrome, bix
Molex, Lightning, and DB9 connectors
Molex: supplying-power to components
Lightning port: apple version of USB-C
DB9: serial connection connects to switch
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Twisted film technology (TFT)
IPS (in-Plane switching): crystals rotate, wide viewing angles
TP (Twisted Plane): Narrow viewing angle, crystal twist and untwist coldest - cheap
VA (vertical alignment): Crystals tilt, wide color range, provide best contract ratio.
Organic light-emitted diode (OLED)
Uses organic compounds that emit light.
Allows for thinner and light devices designs and more flexible in display shapes
Display type considerations
Pixels: more = more defined image
Bit color
Frame rate (FPS)
Resolution
Refresh rate
Luminance (nits)
Contrast
Aspect ratio
