9th March - Early Detection Flashcards
What are the survival rates for breast cancer and cervical cancer in comparison with if it is detected late?
Cervical - 93% – 15%
Breast - 93% – 6%
What are the three main methods of early detection?
Being aware of the symptoms
Self examination
Screening
What are the two main types of screening?
Universal, Mass Population - i.e. everyone within a certain age range
Selective - targeting specific groups of people e.g. those with BRCA1 mutations
Outline the main method of breast screening
Mammography - 2 X-rays are taken of each breast
Looking for lumps and calcification
Reduces the number of deaths from breast cancer by about 1300 a year
What are the two main forms of bowel screening?
DIY kits - take feacal sample
Sigmoidoscopy
Why screen?
For early detection of disease
For early detection of disease recurrence
For early detection of acquired resistance to treatment
What is a biomarker?
A biological marker found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for disease or condition
What are the three main uses of biomarkers?
Diagnostic
Prognostic
Predictive
What are the traits of an ideal biomarker?
Specific Sensitive Predictive Clincal importance Minimally invasive Reflect kinetics Robust
What are the genetic biomarkers for brain cancer?
Abnormal methylation of p16, CDKN2B, p14ARF
What are the genetic biomarkers for cervical cancer?
Hypermethylation of MYOD1, CDH1, and CDH13
What are the genetic biomarkers for oral cancer?
Hypermethylation of p16, p14 and RB1
What are the genetic biomarkers for colorectal, oesphageal, liver and pancreatic cancer?
EGFR, KRAS, TP53 and ERBB2 mutations
What are the genetic biomarkers for breast and ovarian cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
What is prostate specific antigen?
A biomarker of cancer, produced by epithelial cells of the prostate and detected in the ejaculate
How is cancer diagnosed?
Using a tissue biopsy using immunohistochemistry and pathological evaluation
What is the diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer?
Alpha-foetoprotein
What is the diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer?
Cancer antigen 125
What is the diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer?
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9