26th Jan - Hallmarks of Cancer

Question 1

Which tissue did carcinomas originate in?

Answer 1

Carcinomas

Question 2

Which tissue do sarcomas originate in?

Answer 2

Mesenchymal cell types

Question 3

Which type of cancer arises from haemopoetic cells?

Answer 3

Leukaemias

Question 4

Which tissue do neuroectodermal cancers arise from?

Answer 4

The nervous system

Question 5

Which cells do melanomas originate from?

Answer 5

Neural crest cells

Question 6

What are the two most common forms of carcinoma?

Answer 6

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 7

What is the most common form of human cancer?

Answer 7

Carcinoma

Question 8

What is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 8

A malignant tumour which forms from glandular structures in epithelial tissue

Question 9

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 9

A cancer which arises from squamous cells

Question 10

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 10

Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Resisting cell death
Inducing Angiogenesis
Activating invasion and metastasis
Deregulating cellular energetics
Avoiding immune destruction

Question 11

What are the two enabling characteristics defined by Wienberg and Hanahan?

Answer 11

Genome Instability and Mutation

Tumour Promoting Inflammation

Question 12

How can the cancer hallmark of sustaining proliferative signalling be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 12

EGFR inhibitors

Question 13

How can the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppressors be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 13

Cdk Inhibitors

Question 14

What physiological effects will cMyc OE cause on a normal somatic cell?

Answer 14

Reversal of differentiation and promotion of growth

Question 15

How can the cancer hallmark of replicative immortality be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 15

Telomerase inhibitors

Question 16

What is the hayflick limit?

Answer 16

Cells in culture have a finite replicative potential

Question 17

How can the cancer hallmark of resistance to cell death be therapeutically targeted?

Answer 17

Apototic BH3 mimetics

Question 18

What is the most common mutation in cancer leading to resistance to cell death?

Answer 18

Loss of p53

Question 19

What is haemopoeisis?

Answer 19

The production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in marrow

Question 20

How can angiogenesis induction be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 20

VEGF inhibitors

Question 21

How can invasion and metastasis activation be inhibited therapeutically?

Answer 21

Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met

Question 22

What’s e-cadherins main role in cancer prevention?

Answer 22

It is a widely acting suppressor of invasion and metastasis by epithelial cancers

Question 23

How can the deregulation of cellular energetics in a cancer cell be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 23

Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors

Question 24

What is the Warburg effect?

Answer 24

Normal cells drive the bulk of ATP through OXPHOS but tumour cells rely on aerobic glycolysis

Question 25

Why does the Warburg effect occur?

Answer 25

It allows the diversion of glycolytic intermediates into various biosynthetic pathways

Question 26

How can the avoidance of immune destruction by a cancer cell be targeted therapeutically?

Answer 26

Immune activating anti-CTLA4mAb

Question 27

What is an enabling characteristic?

Answer 27

A feature which can’t initiate cancer but enables the cancer to progress