26th Jan - Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards
Which tissue did carcinomas originate in?
Carcinomas
Which tissue do sarcomas originate in?
Mesenchymal cell types
Which type of cancer arises from haemopoetic cells?
Leukaemias
Which tissue do neuroectodermal cancers arise from?
The nervous system
Which cells do melanomas originate from?
Neural crest cells
What are the two most common forms of carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most common form of human cancer?
Carcinoma
What is an adenocarcinoma?
A malignant tumour which forms from glandular structures in epithelial tissue
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
A cancer which arises from squamous cells
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
Sustaining proliferative signalling Evading growth suppressors Enabling replicative immortality Resisting cell death Inducing Angiogenesis Activating invasion and metastasis Deregulating cellular energetics Avoiding immune destruction
What are the two enabling characteristics defined by Wienberg and Hanahan?
Genome Instability and Mutation
Tumour Promoting Inflammation
How can the cancer hallmark of sustaining proliferative signalling be targeted therapeutically?
EGFR inhibitors
How can the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppressors be targeted therapeutically?
Cdk Inhibitors
What physiological effects will cMyc OE cause on a normal somatic cell?
Reversal of differentiation and promotion of growth
How can the cancer hallmark of replicative immortality be targeted therapeutically?
Telomerase inhibitors
What is the hayflick limit?
Cells in culture have a finite replicative potential
How can the cancer hallmark of resistance to cell death be therapeutically targeted?
Apototic BH3 mimetics
What is the most common mutation in cancer leading to resistance to cell death?
Loss of p53
What is haemopoeisis?
The production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in marrow
How can angiogenesis induction be targeted therapeutically?
VEGF inhibitors
How can invasion and metastasis activation be inhibited therapeutically?
Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met
What’s e-cadherins main role in cancer prevention?
It is a widely acting suppressor of invasion and metastasis by epithelial cancers
How can the deregulation of cellular energetics in a cancer cell be targeted therapeutically?
Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
What is the Warburg effect?
Normal cells drive the bulk of ATP through OXPHOS but tumour cells rely on aerobic glycolysis
Why does the Warburg effect occur?
It allows the diversion of glycolytic intermediates into various biosynthetic pathways
How can the avoidance of immune destruction by a cancer cell be targeted therapeutically?
Immune activating anti-CTLA4mAb
What is an enabling characteristic?
A feature which can’t initiate cancer but enables the cancer to progress
