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BS3003 > 31st Jan > Flashcards

31st Jan Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

The loss of control of cell growth

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2
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

The change of cell properties due to accumulation of genetic damage

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3
Q

How long is the average human cell cycle?

A

24 hours

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4
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A 
Prophase
Pro-metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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5
Q

What conformational changes occur in Cdk upon cyclin binding?

A

PSTAIRE andthe activation loop shift

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6
Q

What Cdk-cyclin complexes are required for the passage through the restriction point?

A

Cdk4 and Cyclin D

Cdk6 and Cyclin D

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7
Q

What Cdk-cyclin complex is required for entry into S phase?

A

Cdk2 - Cyclin E

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8
Q

What Cdk-cyclin complex is required for passage through S phase?

A

Cdk2-cyclin A

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9
Q

What Cdk-cyclin complexes are required for entry into mitosis?

A

Cdk1-cyclinA

Cdk1-cyclinB

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10
Q

Who identifies Cdks in yeast?

A

Lee hartwell and Sir Paul Nurse

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11
Q

Outline the network in yeast for G2–>M transition

A

Wee1+ inhibits Cdc2
Cdc25 stimulates Cdc2
Cdc2 and Cdc 13 stimulate G2–>M

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12
Q

How is Cdk regulated by phosphorylation?

A

Inactive cdk-cyclin is phosphorylated by 2 opposing kinases. This means it is inhibited.

One kinase is removed by a phosphatase –> activation

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13
Q

How does cdk-cyclin B’s localisation change through the cell cycle?

A

During interphase it is mainly present in the cytoplasm

During mitosis it is in the nucleus and surrounding mitotic spindles

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14
Q

Who discovered cyclins?

A

Tim Hunt

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15
Q

What are CKIs?

A

Cdk inhibitor proteins

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16
Q

What are the 2 families of CKIs?

A

p16

p21/p27

17
Q

What is the role of p16?

A

Binds Cdk4/6 preventing cyclin binding

18
Q

What is the role of p21/p27?

A

inds Cdk2 inactivating it however still allowing the cyclin to bind

19
Q

How do growth factors regulate the levels of cyclin D?

A

They stimulate it and growth inhibitors inhibit it

20
Q

How do growth factors regulate the levels of CKIs?

A

they inhibit them and growth inhibitors stimulate them

21
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Points at which the response of the cell to both intracellular and extracellular signals, in reference to the cell cycle is decided

22
Q

Which checkpoints are commonly lost in cancer?

A

Restriction Point
DNA damage
DNA replication stress
Mitotic spindle assembly

23
Q

What are the cancer treatment methods which target the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Microtubule inhibitors e.g. Vinca alkaloids
Anti-metabolites e.g. Methotrexate
DNA Binding Agents eg. Alkylating agents

24
Q

How do chemotherapeutics targeting cell cycle checkpoints cause severe side effects?

A

Killing gut epithelia –> nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
Killing immune cells –> Immune suppression
Killing erythrocyte precursors –> anaemia
Killing hair follicle cells –> hair loss

BS3003 (26 decks)

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