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9.4 LAST PART INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most widely used technique to resolve fine differences in viral morphology

A

Electron microscopy

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2
Q

What stain is used in electron microscopy for viruses

A

Potassium Phosphotungstate

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3
Q

What technique involves quick freezing in vitreous ice

A

Cryoelectron microscopy

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4
Q

What technique is used for small nonenveloped viruses

A

X-ray diffraction

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5
Q

What is the pattern of cubic symmetry observed in animal viruses

A

Icosahedral pattern

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6
Q

How many faces does an icosahedral pattern have

A

20

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7
Q

How many vertices are present in an icosahedral pattern

A

12

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8
Q

What type of axes of rotational symmetry are found in an icosahedral pattern

A

Fivefold threefold and twofold

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9
Q

What shape do most viruses with icosahedral symmetry have

A

Spherical

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10
Q

What binds protein subunits to viral nucleic acid in helical symmetry

A

A periodic interaction

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11
Q

Where is the nucleocapsid coiled in animal viruses with helical symmetry

A

Inside a lipid-containing envelope

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12
Q

What type of genome do all animal viruses with helical symmetry contain

A

RNA genomes

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13
Q

Which virus has a rigid nucleocapsid and a bullet shape

A

Rhabdovirus

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14
Q

Which virus has a complex structure and is brick-shaped with ridges

A

Poxviruses

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15
Q

What is the most widely used method for measuring virus sizes

A

Direct observation in electron microscope

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16
Q

What method measures virus size based on sedimentation rate

A

Sedimentation ultracentrifugation

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17
Q

What is the size range of viruses

A

20nm-300nm

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18
Q

What is the size range of bacteriophages

A

10nm-100nm

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19
Q

What is the size of Staphylococcus bacteria

A

1000nm

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20
Q

What is the smallest RNA virus

A

Picornavirus

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21
Q

What is the smallest DNA virus

A

Parvovirus

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22
Q

What facilitates the transfer of viral nucleic acid between host cells

A

Virus protein

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23
Q

What protects the viral genome against inactivation by nucleases

A

Virus protein

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24
Q

What participates in the attachment of a virus particle to a susceptible cell

A

Virus protein

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25
Q

What determines the antigenic characteristics of a virus

A

Virus protein

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26
Q

What process exposes nucleic acid to initiate viral replication

A

Uncoating

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27
Q

What encodes genetic information necessary for viral replication

A

Viral nucleic acid

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28
Q

What are the possible forms of viral nucleic acid strands

A

Single or double stranded circular or linear segmented or nonsegmented

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29
Q

On what basis are viruses classified into families

A

Type of nucleic acid strandedness and size

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30
Q

What is the size range of viral DNA genomes

A

3.2 kbp to 375 kbp

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31
Q

Which virus has the smallest DNA genome at 3.2 kbp

A

Hepadnavirus

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32
Q

Which virus has the largest DNA genome at 375 kbp

A

Poxviruses

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33
Q

What is the size range of viral RNA genomes

A

4 kb to 32 kb

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34
Q

Which virus has the smallest RNA genome at 4 kb

A

Picornavirus

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35
Q

Which virus has the largest RNA genome at 32 kb

A

Coronavirus

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36
Q

What is the origin of viral lipid envelopes

A

Acquired during budding through cellular membranes

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37
Q

What determines the specific phospholipid composition of a virion envelope

A

The type of cell membrane involved in budding

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38
Q

What is the effect of ether on lipid-containing viruses

A

Sensitive and inactivated

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39
Q

What is the effect of ether on non-lipid containing viruses

A

Resistant

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40
Q

What are viral glycoproteins primarily involved in

A

Attachment to target cells and membrane fusion

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41
Q

What role do envelope glycoproteins play in the immune response

A

They serve as viral antigens and interact with neutralizing antibodies

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42
Q

What technique provides insights into the structure of viral glycoproteins

A

X-ray crystallography

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43
Q

What are the three basic types of cell cultures used for virus cultivation

A

Primary secondary and continuous cell lines

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44
Q

What is primary culture made from

A

Dispersed cells from freshly removed host tissues

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45
Q

What is a limitation of primary cell cultures

A

Unable to grow for more than a few passages

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46
Q

What type of cell lines are secondary cultures

A

Diploid cell lines

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47
Q

What is a characteristic of secondary cell cultures

A

Retained normal chromosomal patterns

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48
Q

What type of cells are continuous cell lines derived from

A

Cancer cells or malignant tissue

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49
Q

What is a characteristic of continuous cell lines

A

Capable of prolonged growth with altered chromosomal patterns

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50
Q

What method is not used for virus cultivation

A

Agar

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51
Q

How can viral replication be monitored

A

Cytopathic effects appearance of virus-encoded proteins detection of virus-specific nucleic acid hemadsorption and viral growth in embryonated chick eggs

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52
Q

What is cytopathic effect

A

Cell lysis necrosis inclusion formation giant cell formation and cytoplasmic vacuolization

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53
Q

What is an example of cytopathic effect in CMV

A

Inclusion formation

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54
Q

What is hemadsorption

A

Adsorption of erythrocytes to infected cells

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55
Q

What is the result of viral growth in an embryonated chick egg

A

Death of the embryo production of pocks or plaques and development of hemagglutinins

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56
Q

What type of virus causes rapid rounding of cells progressing to complete cell destruction

A

Enterovirus

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57
Q

What type of virus causes focal areas of swollen rounded cells

A

Herpesvirus

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58
Q

What type of virus causes focal areas of fused cells

A

Paramyxovirus

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59
Q

What is inclusion body formation

A

Site of virion development often larger than individual virus particles and may stain with acid dyes

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60
Q

Where can inclusion bodies be located

A

Nucleus cytoplasm or both

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61
Q

What is the diagnostic significance of inclusion bodies

A

Presence aids in diagnosis

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62
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with rabies virus

A

Negri bodies

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63
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with yellow fever virus

A

Torres Councilman bodies

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64
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with fowlpox

A

Bollinger bodies

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65
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with variola and varicella

A

Guarnieri-Paschen bodies

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66
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with ectromelia

A

Marshall bodies

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67
Q

What type of inclusion bodies are associated with herpes zoster

A

Multinucleated giant cells and intracellular inclusions

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68
Q

What is the most widely used method for quantifying viral nucleic acids

A

PCR

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69
Q

What are serologic tests used for virus quantitation

A

RIA and ELISA

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70
Q

Which assay is easy and rapid for virus quantitation

A

Hemagglutination assay

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71
Q

What physical method involves direct visualization of virions

A

Electron microscopy

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72
Q

What is the basis for endpoint biologic assays

A

Animal death infection or cytopathic effects at serial dilutions

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73
Q

How is titer expressed in endpoint biologic assays

A

As ID50 reciprocal of the dilution producing effects in 50% of cells or animals inoculated

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74
Q

Which assay is widely used for infectious viruses that grow well in tissue culture

A

Plaque assay

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75
Q

What does immunofluorescence detect in infected cells

A

Viral antigens

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76
Q

Which viruses form pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs

A

Herpes and Vaccinia viruses

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77
Q

What is the first step in virus purification

A

Concentration of virus particles using precipitation ultrafiltration or hemagglutination and elution

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78
Q

How are orthomyxoviruses concentrated during purification

A

Hemagglutination and elution

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79
Q

What methods are used for separating virus particles from host materials

A

Differential centrifugation density gradient centrifugation column chromatography and electrophoresis

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80
Q

What criteria must be met to identify a particle as a virus

A

Obtained only from infected cells identical from various sources contains nucleic acid distinct from host cells infectivity correlates with particle count destruction leads to loss of activity reacts with antisera induces characteristic disease produces progeny with identical properties in tissue culture

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81
Q

What are common hazards in the laboratory

A

Aerosols ingestion skin penetration and splashes into the eye

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82
Q

What activities produce aerosols

A

Homogenization centrifugation ultrasonic vibration and broken glassware

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83
Q

What activities can lead to ingestion of infectious agents

A

Mouth pipetting eating smoking or inadequate hand washing

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84
Q

What causes skin penetration hazards

A

Needle sticks broken glassware leaking containers handling infected tissues or animal bites

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85
Q

What precautions should be observed in the laboratory

A

Standard precautions

86
Q

What are good biosafety practices

A

Training in aseptic techniques prohibition of mouth pipetting no eating drinking or smoking use of PPE sterilization of experimental wastes use of biosafety hoods and immunization if vaccines are available

87
Q

Which viruses are stable at 37°C for several hours

A

Icosahedral viruses

88
Q

Which viruses are more heat labile

A

Enveloped viruses

89
Q

At what temperature and duration is viral infectivity destroyed

A

50–60°C for 30 minutes

90
Q

Which viruses are exceptions to heat destruction at 50–60°C

A

Hepatitis B virus and Polyomavirus

91
Q

Why are prions resistant to heat destruction

A

Due to their unique structure

92
Q

Which salts stabilize picornaviruses and reoviruses

A

MgCl2 at 1 mol/L

93
Q

Which salts stabilize orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses

A

MgSO4 at 1 mol/L

94
Q

Which salts stabilize herpesviruses

A

Na2SO4 at 1 mol/L

95
Q

What pH range is stable for most viruses

A

Between pH values of 5.0 and 9.0

96
Q

Which viruses are resistant to acidic conditions

A

Enteroviruses

97
Q

What is the effect of ultraviolet x-ray and high-energy particles on viruses

A

Inactivation of infectivity

98
Q

How can enveloped viruses be distinguished from nonenveloped ones

A

By ether susceptibility testing

99
Q

What do nonionic detergents like Nonidet P40 and Triton X-100 do to viruses

A

Solubilize lipid constituents of viral membranes

100
Q

What do anionic detergents like SDS do to viruses

A

Solubilize envelopes and disrupt capsids into polypeptides

101
Q

How does formaldehyde destroy viral infectivity

A

By reacting with nucleic acid

102
Q

Which genomes are more susceptible to formaldehyde inactivation

A

Single-stranded genomes

103
Q

What is photodynamic inactivation in viruses

A

Binding of vital dyes like toluidine blue neutral red or proflavine to nucleic acid followed by exposure to visible light

104
Q

Do antibacterial antibiotics affect viruses

A

No effect on viruses

105
Q

Which agents require larger concentrations to destroy viruses than bacteria

A

Chlorine especially in the presence of extraneous proteins

106
Q

What are common methods for inactivating viruses

A

Steam under pressure dry heat ethylene oxide and γ-irradiation

107
Q

What is used for sterilizing heat-resistant materials

A

Steam under pressure

108
Q

What is used for materials that cannot withstand moisture

109
Q

What is the gas sterilization method effective against a wide range of microorganisms

A

Ethylene oxide

110
Q

What is used for penetrating packaging without heat

A

γ-irradiation

111
Q

What surface disinfectants are commonly used

A

Hypochlorite glutaraldehyde formaldehyde and peracetic acid

112
Q

What is the effect of hypochlorite on viruses

A

Broad-spectrum virucidal activity

113
Q

What is the effect of glutaraldehyde on viruses

A

Cross-linking viral proteins

114
Q

What is the effect of formaldehyde on viruses

A

Reacting with nucleic acids and proteins

115
Q

What is the effect of peracetic acid on viruses

A

Oxidizing agent

116
Q

What skin disinfectants are used

A

Chlorhexidine 70% ethanol and iodophores

117
Q

What is the effect of chlorhexidine on viruses

A

Disrupting viral envelopes

118
Q

What is the effect of 70% ethanol on viruses

A

Denaturing viral proteins

119
Q

What is the effect of iodophores on viruses

A

Oxidizing viral components

120
Q

What methods are used for inactivating viruses in vaccine production

A

Formaldehyde β-propiolactone psoralen + UV and detergents

121
Q

What is the effect of formaldehyde in vaccine production

A

Cross-linking proteins and nucleic acids

122
Q

What is the effect of β-propiolactone in vaccine production

A

Alkylating nucleic acids and proteins

123
Q

What is the effect of psoralen + UV in vaccine production

A

Photochemical inactivation

124
Q

What is the effect of detergents in vaccine production

A

Disrupting viral envelopes

125
Q

What is the first step in viral replication

A

Attachment

126
Q

What is attachment in viral replication

A

Interaction with a specific receptor

127
Q

What type of receptor does picornavirus bind to

A

Protein sequence

128
Q

What type of receptor do orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus bind to

A

Oligosaccharides

129
Q

What receptor does HIV bind to

130
Q

What co-receptors are needed for HIV attachment

A

CXCR4 and CCR5

131
Q

What receptor does influenza virus bind to

A

Sialic acid

132
Q

What receptor does rabies virus bind to

A

Acetylcholine

133
Q

What receptor does rhinovirus bind to

134
Q

What receptors does Epstein-Barr virus bind to

A

Complement receptor C3d and CD21

135
Q

What receptors does poliovirus bind to

A

Ig superfamily molecules

136
Q

What is the second step in viral replication

A

Penetration or engulfment

137
Q

What methods are used for viral penetration

A

Endocytosis direct penetration and membrane fusion

138
Q

What is the third step in viral replication

139
Q

What is uncoating in viral replication

A

Separation of viral nucleic acid from capsid

140
Q

Where do RNA viruses typically release their genome

141
Q

Where do DNA viruses typically release their genome

142
Q

What is the next step after uncoating in viral replication

A

Expression and synthesis of viral components

143
Q

What is necessary for successful expression of viral genomes

A

mRNA transcription

144
Q

What is unique about negative strand RNA viruses

A

Supplying their own RNA polymerase

145
Q

What is the final step in viral replication

A

Morphogenesis and release

146
Q

What occurs during morphogenesis

A

Assembly of viral components

147
Q

How do nonenveloped viruses release from cells

A

Cell lysis

148
Q

How do enveloped viruses release from cells

149
Q

What is the primary location of replication for DNA viruses

150
Q

What is the primary location of replication for RNA viruses

151
Q

What is the role of nonstructural proteins in viral replication

A

Assisting replication and transcription

152
Q

What is the role of structural proteins in viral replication

A

Forming capsid and envelope

153
Q

What is the final step in viral assembly

A

Nucleocapsid formation

154
Q

What is the purpose of viral glycoproteins in the envelope

A

Facilitating attachment and fusion

155
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by dsDNA viruses

156
Q

What are examples of dsDNA viruses

A

Herpesvirus and adenovirus

157
Q

What intermediate is present in ssDNA viruses

158
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by ssDNA viruses

159
Q

What is an example of ssDNA viruses

A

Parvoviruses

160
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by dsRNA viruses

161
Q

What is an example of dsRNA viruses

A

Reoviruses

162
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of reoviruses

A

RNA polymerase

163
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by ssRNA viruses

164
Q

What are examples of ssRNA viruses

A

Picornaviruses togaviruses and flaviviruses

165
Q

What property does viral nucleic acid of ssRNA viruses have

A

It’s infectious and serves as mRNA

166
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by -ssRNA viruses

167
Q

What are examples of -ssRNA viruses

A

Rhabdoviruses paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses

168
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of -ssRNA viruses

A

RNA polymerase

169
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by +ssRNA retroviruses

170
Q

What intermediate is present in +ssRNA retroviruses

A

-DNA and dsDNA

171
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of retroviruses

A

Reverse transcriptase

172
Q

What is the direct transmission of viruses from person to person by contact exemplified by

A

Coronavirus

173
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via droplet or aerosol infection

A

Influenza measles and smallpox

174
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via sexual contact

A

Papillomavirus hepatitis B herpes simplex type 2 and HIV

175
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via hand-mouth hand-eye or mouth-mouth contact

A

Herpes simplex rhinovirus and Epstein-Barr virus

176
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via exchange of contaminated blood

A

Hepatitis B and HIV

177
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via the fecal-oral route

A

Enteroviruses rotaviruses and infectious hepatitis A

178
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via fomites

A

Norwalk virus and rhinovirus

179
Q

What are examples of transmission from animal to animal with humans as an accidental host

A

Rabies arenaviruses and hantaviruses

180
Q

What are examples of transmission by means of an arthropod vector

A

Togaviruses flaviviruses and bunyaviruses

181
Q

What human-arthropod cycle is recognized among arthropod-borne viruses

A

Lower vertebrate–arthropod cycle with tangential infection of humans

182
Q

What are the factors contributing to disease emergence

A

Environmental changes human behavioral socioeconomic demographic phenomena travel commerce food production healthcare microbial adaptation and public health measures

183
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by dsDNA viruses

184
Q

What are examples of dsDNA viruses

A

Herpesvirus and adenovirus

185
Q

What intermediate is present in ssDNA viruses

186
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by ssDNA viruses

187
Q

What is an example of ssDNA viruses

A

Parvoviruses

188
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by dsRNA viruses

189
Q

What is an example of dsRNA viruses

A

Reoviruses

190
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of reoviruses

A

RNA polymerase

191
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by ssRNA viruses

192
Q

What are examples of ssRNA viruses

A

Picornaviruses togaviruses and flaviviruses

193
Q

What property does viral nucleic acid of ssRNA viruses have

A

It’s infectious and serves as mRNA

194
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by -ssRNA viruses

195
Q

What are examples of -ssRNA viruses

A

Rhabdoviruses paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses

196
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of -ssRNA viruses

A

RNA polymerase

197
Q

What type of mRNA is produced by +ssRNA retroviruses

198
Q

What intermediate is present in +ssRNA retroviruses

A

-DNA and dsDNA

199
Q

What enzyme is contained in the virion of retroviruses

A

Reverse transcriptase

200
Q

What is direct viral transmission from person to person exemplified by

A

Coronavirus

201
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via droplet or aerosol

A

Influenza measles and smallpox

202
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via sexual contact

A

Papillomavirus hepatitis B herpes simplex type 2 and HIV

203
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via hand-mouth contact

A

Herpes simplex rhinovirus and Epstein-Barr virus

204
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via contaminated blood

A

Hepatitis B and HIV

205
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via the fecal-oral route

A

Enteroviruses rotaviruses and infectious hepatitis A

206
Q

What are examples of viral transmission via fomites

A

Norwalk virus and rhinovirus

207
Q

What are examples of transmission from animal to human

A

Rabies arenaviruses and hantaviruses

208
Q

What are examples of transmission via arthropod vector

A

Togaviruses flaviviruses and bunyaviruses

209
Q

What cycle is recognized among arthropod-borne viruses

A

Human-arthropod cycle

210
Q

What are factors contributing to disease emergence

A

Environmental changes human behavior socioeconomic factors travel food healthcare microbial adaptation public health

MYCOVIRO (23 decks)

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