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1.1-INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

is the science devoted to the study of
fungi and their relationship to human disease

A

Medical mycology

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2
Q

Medical mycology encompasses _________- as agents of disease

A

single-celled yeasts
and filamentous molds

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3
Q

The body yeast found among elderly patients are single-celled yeasts, and oftentimes seen in their

A

budding process

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4
Q

sometimes they appear like plants, they have tube-like structures that acts as their branches, and they appear to have attached spores that may appear as leaves or fruits

A

filamentous molds

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5
Q

filamentous molds scientific term

A

thallophytes

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6
Q

TRUE PATHOGENS THAT
CAUSE SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS

A

 Histoplasma capsulatum

 Blastomyces dermatitidis

 Coccidiodes immitis

 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

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7
Q

 Histoplasma capsulatum
o Cause

A

Histoplasmosis

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8
Q

 Blastomyces dermatitidis
o Cause

A

Blastomycosis

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9
Q

 Coccidiodes immitis
o Cause

A

Coccidioidomycoses

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10
Q

 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
o Cause

A

Paracoccidioidomycoses

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11
Q

Opportunistic pathogens infect those who are

A

immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

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12
Q

immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

such as

A

Patients with underlying health conditions

Patients with weakened immune system

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13
Q

Patients with underlying health conditions eg

A

diabetes, hiv

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14
Q

Patients with weakened immune system eg

A

elderly

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15
Q

seen in elderly women and is also seen among female patients who overuse feminine wash products

A

Moniliasis

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16
Q

Moniliasis
infection caused by

A

Candida albicans

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17
Q

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS THAT
CAUSE SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS

A

Aspergillus
Candida spp
Cryptococcus neoformans
Zygomycetes

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18
Q

o Common in patient with diabetes
o They thought that a patient has a lung tumor, but then it was found out that it was a fungal ball, that’s what we call

A

Aspergilloma

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19
Q

Aspergilloma caused by

A

Aspergillus

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20
Q

Candida spp.

o Common in immunocompromised patients
o Called

A

Candidiasis

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21
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans
o Among HIV patients
o Called

A

Cryptococcosis

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22
Q

Zygomycetes
o Genera under Zygomycetes:

A

 Mucor
 Rhizopus
 Rhizomucor
 Absidia
 Cunninghamella

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23
Q

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI aka

A

Phaeoid fungi

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24
Q

Fungi whose cell wall contain melanin, which imparts brown to black pigment

A

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

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25
Q

the infections caused by this produce lesions with dark color or in the hair there’s nodules dark in color

A

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

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26
Q

dematiaceous fungi Can be demonstrated using special stain

A

Masson-Fontana

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27
Q

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI Contain _______in their cell wall

A

melanin

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28
Q

EXAMPLES of dematiaceous fungi

A

o Cladophialophora bantiana

o Wengiella dermatitidis

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29
Q

 fungi that causes brain abcesses

A

o Cladophialophora bantiana

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30
Q

 Causes Phaeohyphomycosis, an example of a subcutaneous mycosis

A

o Wengiella dermatitidis
 AKA Exophiala dermatitidis

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31
Q

MONILIACEOUS FUNGI AKA

A

hyaline fungi

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32
Q

Non-pigmented, no melanin fungi

A

MONILIACEOUS FUNGI

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33
Q

Hyphae is usually what color in moniliaceous fungi

A

pink to red

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34
Q

hyaline fungi examples

A

o Scedosporium spp.
o Trichodema spp.
o Aspergillus spp.

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35
Q

Fungi that have two growth forms, such as mold and yeast

A

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

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36
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGI Examples

A

fungi that causes systemic infections or mycoses

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37
Q

Hyphal or mycelial colony of growth
 Usually found in ambient temperature (23-25 °C)
 Appear plant-like microscopically

A

MOLD

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38
Q

 Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (3-5um) fungal cells; reproduce by budding

39
Q

Yeast form are found in the body at physiologic temperature of

40
Q

 fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by an anamorph

A

IMPERFECT FUNGI

41
Q

IMPERFECT FUNGI fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by an

42
Q

IMPERFECT FUNGI
EXAMPLES

A

Deuteromycetes fungi

43
Q

 belonging to phylum Deuteromycota
 They lack sexual reproduction

A

Deuteromycetes fungi

44
Q

Deuteromycetes fungi  Examples:

A

 Sporothrix spp.
 Epidermopyton,
 Candida spp.

45
Q

 Fungi that are capable of fungal reproduction, teleomorph
 Capable of sexual and asexual form

A

PERFECT FUNGI

46
Q

PERFECT FUNGI
EXAMPLES:

A

o Ascomycetes
 Sexual spore: Ascospores
o Zygomycetes
 Sexual spore: Zygospores
o Basidiomycetes
 Sexual spore: Basidiospores

47
Q

o Asexual form of fungi: ____
o Sexual form of fungi: ____

A

Anamorph
Teleomorph

48
Q

FUngi are Classified as

A

thallophytes

49
Q

One key feature that differentiates them from bacteria as they have

A

true nuclei and are heterotrophs

50
Q

Their cell wall and membrane contain

A

polysaccharides

51
Q

COMPONENT OF FUNGI

______ in the cell wall
______ in the cell membrane

A

o Chitin
o Ergosterol

52
Q

Why do fungal infections take longer to treat than most bacterial infections?

A

Presence of chitin in the cell wall and ergosterol in the membrane

53
Q

How long does bacterial treatment usually take?

A

5-10 days (or 7-10 days)

54
Q

How long can fungal treatment take?

A

Months or longer

55
Q

Do fungi contain chlorophyll?

56
Q

Are fungi susceptible to antibacterial antibiotics?

57
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat fungal infections?

A

Antifungal drugs

58
Q

What is the feeding mechanism of fungi?

A

Saprophytic (feed on decaying matter)

59
Q

What is the oxygen requirement of most molds?

60
Q

What is the oxygen requirement of most yeasts?

A

Facultative anaerobes

61
Q

Why are fungi more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria?

A

Their cell wall composition

62
Q

Can fungi grow in low moisture environments?

63
Q

Do fungi require more nitrogen than bacteria?

A

No, they require less

64
Q

What complex carbohydrate can fungi metabolize that bacteria generally cannot?

65
Q

What type of nucleus do fungi have?

A

Defined nuclear membrane

66
Q

What type of nucleus do bacteria have?

A

No membrane

67
Q

Do fungi have mitochondria?

68
Q

Do bacteria have mitochondria?

69
Q

What is the composition of the fungal cell wall?

A

Glucans, mannans, chitin

70
Q

What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

71
Q

What sterol is found in fungal cell membranes?

A

Ergosterol

72
Q

Do fungi have respiratory enzymes in their cell membrane?

73
Q

Do bacteria have sterols in their cell membrane?

74
Q

What antibiotics are fungi resistant to?

A

Penicillins, tetracycline, chloramphenicol

75
Q

What antibiotics are bacteria resistant to?

A

Griseofulvin, amphotericin B

76
Q

What is fungal dimorphism?

A

Ability to exist as both mycelial and yeast forms

77
Q

Do bacteria exhibit dimorphism?

78
Q

How many chromosomes do fungi have?

A

More than one, CHON associated

79
Q

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

A

One, not CHON associated

80
Q

What is the sedimentation coefficient of fungal ribosomes?

81
Q

What is the sedimentation coefficient of bacterial ribosomes?

82
Q

At what pH do fungi prefer to grow?

83
Q

At what pH do bacteria prefer to grow?

A

pH 7.2-7.6

84
Q

Are humans generally resistant to fungal infections?

A

Yes, except for dimorphic fungi

85
Q

What are the major factors increasing fungal infections

A

Immunocompromised individuals, complex surgeries, antibacterial therapy

86
Q

How many fungal species are recognized as human pathogens?

A

100-150 species

87
Q

How many fungal species cause most human diseases?

A

About 25 species

88
Q

Where do most pathogenic fungi naturally live?

A

As saprobes (decomposers in the environment)

89
Q

How do humans typically become infected with fungi?

A

Inhalation of spores or trauma introducing fungal elements into tissue

90
Q

What fungal infection can be contracted from plant thorns?

A

Sporotrichosis

91
Q

What fungus causes Rose Gardener’s Disease?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

92
Q

What is a possible source of Sporothrix schenckii infection?

A

Prick from contaminated rose thorns

93
Q

How can fungal infections occur in mountaineers?

A

Scratches from thorny plants in forests

MYCOVIRO (17 decks)

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