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1.2-MORPHOLOGIC FORM Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organisms are yeasts?

A

Unicellular

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2
Q

What is the shape of yeast cells?

A

Spherical or ellipsoidal

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3
Q

How do most yeasts reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding

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4
Q

What is another way some yeasts divide?

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

What is the characteristic microscopic appearance of yeasts?

A

Pin-bowl appearance

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6
Q

Can yeast grow in culture media?

A

Yes

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7
Q

At what temperatures can yeasts grow?

A

23-25°C (ambient) and 37°C (physiologic)

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8
Q

How do yeast colonies appear on media?

A

Moist, creamy, opaque, or pasty

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9
Q

Why do yeast colonies sometimes resemble bacterial colonies?

A

Due to their opaque and moist texture

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10
Q

What type of organisms are molds?

A

What type of organisms are molds?

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11
Q

How do mold colonies appear?

A

Fluffy, cottony, woolly, or powdery

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12
Q

What are the primary structural components of molds?

A

Hyphae and spores

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13
Q

What are the three types of asexual spores in molds?

A

Thallospores, Conidia, Spores by complex sporulation

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14
Q

What are the four types of sexual spores in molds?

A

Ascospores, Basidiospores, Zygospores, Oospores

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15
Q

Fungi that reproduce only asexually (anamorphs)

A

imperfect fungi

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16
Q

Give an example of imperfect fungi

A

Deuteromycetes

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17
Q

Name three fungi that belong to Deuteromycetes

A

Epidermophyton, Sporothrix, Scedosporium

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18
Q

Fungi that can produce both asexual and sexual spores

A

perfect fungi

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19
Q

The asexual form of a fungus

A

anamorph

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20
Q

The sexual form of a fungus

A

teleomorph

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21
Q

What is the anamorph of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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22
Q

What is the teleomorph of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Ajellomyces capsulatum

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23
Q

What is the anamorph of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

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24
Q

What is the teleomorph of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

Ajellomyces dermatitidis

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25
Q

What is the anamorph of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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26
Q

What is the teleomorph of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Filobasidiella neoformans

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27
Q

What type of fungi is Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Basidiomycetes

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28
Q

What is the sexual spore of Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Basidiospores

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29
Q

Tubular, branching filaments of fungal cells

A

hyphae

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30
Q

What do hyphae form when they join together?

A

Mycelium

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31
Q

What separates most hyphal cells?

A

Porous cross-walls or septa

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32
Q

What are the two types of hyphae based on septum presence?

A

Septate and Aseptate hyphae

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33
Q

What is another name for aseptate hyphae?

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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34
Q

What is the function of vegetative (substrate) hyphae?

A

Growth, nutrient absorption, and anchoring

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35
Q

What is the water affinity of vegetative hyphae?

A

Hydrophilic

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36
Q

What is the function of aerial hyphae?

A

Carry spores and extend above the medium

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37
Q

What is the water affinity of aerial hyphae?

A

Hydrophobic

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38
Q

Give examples of fungi with aseptate hyphae

A

Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Cunninghamella

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39
Q

What fungus has antler hyphae?

A

Schoenleinia

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40
Q

What fungus has spiral hyphae?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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41
Q

What type of hyphae does Trichophyton mentagrophytes exhibit

A

Spiral hyphae

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42
Q

What type of hyphae does Microsporum audouinii exhibit?

A

Pectinate body

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43
Q

What is another term for favic chandeliers?

A

Antler hyphae

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44
Q

Which fungus has favic chandeliers (antler hyphae)?

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

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45
Q

What type of hyphae does Microsporum canis exhibit?

A

Nodular organ

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46
Q

What type of hyphae does Epidermophyton floccosum exhibit?

A

Racquet hyphae

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47
Q

What is another term for septate hyphae?

A

Hyphae with cross-walls

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48
Q

What structures separate individual fungal cells in septate hyphae?

A

Septa with pores

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49
Q

What is another term for coenocytic hyphae?

A

Aseptate hyphae

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50
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of coenocytic hyphae?

A

Lack of septa

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51
Q

What are the key internal structures of fungal hyphae?

A

Nuclei, cell wall, septum (in septate hyphae), pores

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52
Q

A microorganism that only produces asexual spores

53
Q

What type of spores do imperfect fungi (anamorphs) produce?

A

Asexual spores

54
Q

How are arthroconidia formed?

A

By fragmentation of hyphal cells

55
Q

By fragmentation of hyphal cells

A

Arthroconidia formation

56
Q

How do mature arthroconidia appear?

A

Square, rectangular, or barrel-shaped thick-walled cells

57
Q

Give two examples of fungi that produce arthroconidia.

A

Coccidioides immitis, Geotrichum candidum

58
Q

How are blastoconidia formed?

A

Through a budding process

59
Q

Give two examples of fungi that produce blastoconidia

A

Cladosporium spp., Candida albicans

60
Q

Large, thick-walled conidia that act as resistant resting spores

A

chlamydospores

61
Q

What are the three types of chlamydospores based on location?

A

Terminal (at the hyphal tip), intercalary (within the hyphal strand), sessile (on the sides of hyphae)

62
Q

Asexual reproductive structures produced via mitosis

63
Q

How are conidia formed?

A

From vegetative yeast or hyphal cells, or from specialized conidiogenous cells

64
Q

What are specialized hyphae that produce conidia called?

A

Conidiophores

65
Q

What is the function of conidiogenous cells?

A

They generate conidia (e.g., conidiophores

66
Q

What are the characteristics of microconidia?

A

Small, unicellular, round, elliptical, or pyriform; sessile or pedunculated

67
Q

What are the characteristics of macroconidia?

A

Large, multiseptate, club- or spindle-shaped, thick- or thin-walled, spiny or smooth

68
Q

What shapes can microconidia have?

A

Circular, round, oval, or teardrop-shaped

69
Q

Conidia produced by a vase-shaped conidiogenous cell called a phialide

A

phialoconidia

70
Q

What fungal group produces sporangiospores?

A

Zygomycetes (Mucorales)

71
Q

Where are sporangiospores housed?

A

Inside a sac called the sporangium

72
Q

What structure inside the sporangium gives rise to sporangiospores?

73
Q

Name three genera that produce sporangiospores.

A

Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia

74
Q

What is the difference between anamorph and teleomorph?

A

Anamorph produces asexual spores, teleomorph produces sexual spores

75
Q

Anamorph produces asexual spores, teleomorph produces sexual spores

76
Q

What sexual spores does Ajellomyces (teleomorph of Histoplasma capsulatum) produce?

A

Ascospores

77
Q

What asexual spores does Cryptococcus neoformans produce?

78
Q

What sexual spores does Filobasidiella neoformans (teleomorph of Cryptococcus neoformans) produce?

A

Basidiospores

79
Q

How many meiospores typically form inside an ascus?

A

Four to eight

80
Q

What fungal group produces ascospores

A

Ascomycetes

81
Q

Name three fungi that produce ascospores.

A

Ajellomyces dermatidis, Ajellomyces capsulatum, Microsporum spp.

82
Q

What type of spores do Aspergillus produce asexually and sexually?

A

Asexual: Phialoconidia, Sexual: Ascospores

83
Q

What is the function of a cleistothecium in Pseudallescheria boydii?

A

It protects the asci containing ascospores

84
Q

Where do basidiospores form?

A

On a club-shaped structure called a basidium

85
Q

How many meiospores typically form per basidium?

86
Q

Name two fungi that produce basidiospores

A

Cryptococcus neoformans, Malassezia spp

87
Q

How are zygospores formed?

A

How are zygospores formed?

88
Q

Name four genera that produce zygospores.

A

Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Cunninghamella

89
Q

Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus, Cunninghamella

A

Sporangiospores

90
Q

What sexual spores do zygomycetes produce?

A

Zygospores

91
Q

How are oospores formed?

A

By heterogenous fertilization or fusion between dissimilar cells

92
Q

What structure is attached to an oospore?

A

Antheridium

93
Q

What are the two types of fungal reproduction?

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction

94
Q

What processes occur in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis, cell fusion, nuclear fusion

95
Q

What does asexual reproduction involve

A

Mitosis with cytoplasmic and nuclear division

96
Q

From what structure are asexual spores produced?

97
Q

What are the four major fungal phyla?

A

What are the four major fungal phyla?

98
Q

Which fungal phylum is also known as club fungi?

A

Basidiomycota

99
Q

Which fungal phylum includes imperfect fungi that lack a known sexual reproductive cycle?

A

Deuteromycota

100
Q

Are zygomycetes septate or aseptate?

101
Q

What type of asexual spores do zygomycetes produce?

A

Sporangiospores

102
Q

What type of sexual spores do zygomycetes produce?

A

Zygospores

103
Q

Name a clinically important genus of Zygomycota.

A

Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, Rhizomucor, Cunninghamella

104
Q

What type of asexual spores do ascomycetes produce?

105
Q

What type of sexual spores do ascomycetes produce?

A

Ascospores

106
Q

What structure produces ascospores?

107
Q

Name three medically important ascomycetes.

A

Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces

108
Q

What type of asexual spores do basidiomycetes produce?

A

Conidia or hyphal fragments

109
Q

What type of sexual spores do basidiomycetes produce?

A

Basidiospores

110
Q

What structure produces basidiospores?

111
Q

Name a medically important basidiomycete.

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

112
Q

Why are deuteromycetes called “imperfect fungi”?

A

They lack a known sexual reproductive cycle.

113
Q

What type of spores do deuteromycetes reproduce with?

A

Asexual spores (conidia)

114
Q

Name an example of a deuteromycete

A

Candida spp., Sporothrix, Epidermophyton

115
Q

What are the two main modes of fungal reproduction?

A

Sexual and asexual

116
Q

What type of fungal spores are produced by mitosis?

A

Asexual spores

117
Q

What type of fungal spores are produced by meiosis?

A

Sexual spores

118
Q

The fusion of two haploid fungal cells without nuclear fusion

A

plasmogamy

119
Q

The fusion of two nuclei in fungal cells

120
Q

conidium that forms from the fragmentation of hyphal cells

A

arthroconidium

121
Q

A conidium that forms through a budding process

A

blastoconidium

122
Q

A thick-walled, resistant resting spore

A

chlamydospore

123
Q

A conidium produced from a vase-shaped conidiogenous cell (phialide)

A

phialoconidium

124
Q

A spore produced within a sporangium, characteristic of zygomycetes

A

sporangiospore

125
Q

A sexual spore produced within an ascus

126
Q

A sexual spore produced on a basidium

A

basidiospore

127
Q

A rough-walled spore produced by the fusion of two matching zygomycete types

128
Q

A spore formed by the fusion of dissimilar fungal cells

MYCOVIRO (23 decks)

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