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Science > 9.3 pharmacist > Flashcards

9.3 pharmacist Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ph of acids?

A

1-6

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2
Q

ph of neutral solutions?

A

7

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3
Q

ph of alkaline solutions?

A

8-14

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4
Q

what solutions do acids form in water?

A

acids form acidic solutions

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5
Q

what solutions do alkalis form in water?

A

alkalis form alkaline solutions

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6
Q

what sources are acids from? (and symbol)

A

hydrogen ions, H+

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7
Q

what sources are alkalis from? (and symbol)

A

hydroxide ions, OH-

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8
Q

what does Acid + Metal form?

A

–> salt + hydrogen

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9
Q

what does Acid + Metal Oxide form?

A

–> salt + water

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10
Q

what does Acid + Metal Hydroxide form?

A

–> salt + water

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11
Q

What does Acid + Carbonate form?

A

–> salt + water + carbon dioxide

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12
Q

What is a base?

A

any substance that reacts with any acid to form salt and water only.

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13
Q

Give an example of a base?

A

Metal Oxides & Metal Hydroxides

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14
Q

what are bases that are soluble in water called?

A

alkalis

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15
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

a reaction between an acid and a base

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16
Q

How do u form a solution?

A

a solute is dissolved in a solvent

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17
Q

How is the concentration of a solution measured?

A

It is measured by how compacted the particles are in a given volume

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18
Q

give an example of a solute?

A

salt

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19
Q

give an example of a solvent

A

water

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20
Q

what is a dilute solution?

A

a dilute solution is a solution containing a relatively small amount of dissolved solute.

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21
Q

what is a concentrated solution?

A

a concentrated solution is a solution containing a large amount of dissolved solute.

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22
Q

what do strong acids do?

A

strong acids completely dissociate ions into the solution

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23
Q

what do weak acids do?

A

weak acids only partially dissociate ions into the solution

24
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

a disease which can be transferred from one person to another

25
Q

what is a form of transmition of communicable diseases

A

water, air, direct contact, undercooked food

26
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that can cause a disease

27
Q

what are the 4 main pathogens?

A

virus, bacteria, fungi and protists

28
Q

what is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Skin, Lysozmes, Hair and cilia, Stomach acid.

29
Q

what are Lysozmes?

A

enzymes found in tears and saliva

30
Q

what are Hair and cilia?

A

tiny hair in the air ways

31
Q

what is stomach acid?

A

hydrochloric acid that is strong

32
Q

what is the body’s second line of defence?

A

Phagocytes

33
Q

what are Phagocytes?

A

a type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens and dead or dying cells

34
Q

what is the body’s third line of defence?

A

Lymphocytes, Antitoxins.

35
Q

what are Lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells that release antibodies, that only for specific antigens

36
Q

what are antitoxins?

A

produced in response to neutralize harmful toxins produced by pathogens

37
Q

what are the physical barriers of the body?

A

skin, hair and cilia

38
Q

what are the chemical barriers of the body?

A

Lysozmes, Stomach acid, Phagocytes, Lymphocytes, Antitoxins

39
Q

what is the difference between a physical barrier and a chemical barrier?

A

Physical barriers are there to stop the pathogens from entering but don’t kill it, whilst chemical barriers are there to kill the pathogens.

40
Q

what is an antigen?

A

an antigen is a substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

41
Q

what is an antibody?

A

an antibody is a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects an antigen

42
Q

what is an antibiotic?

A

antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply.

43
Q

what is a microbe?

A

a microorganism that causes a disease

44
Q

what is a non communicable disease?

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

45
Q

examples of non communicable diseases?

A

heart disease, cancer, diabetes etc..

46
Q

how do antibiotics work?

A

antibiotics damage the bacterial cell by inhabiting their cellular processes, but do NOT damage the host cell.

47
Q

can viral (virus) diseases be cured by antibiotics?

A

no, as they produce inside of the host cell.

48
Q

why is it difficult to produce antiviral medication?

A

it is difficult to develop antiviral drugs, as they might damage the the host cell whilst killing the virus

49
Q

how do antiviral drugs work?

A

they only slow down the viral development, and since viruses change their antigens quickly, new viral drugs have to be generated quickly

50
Q

order of testing for new drugs?

A

preclinical drugs, animal trials, human clinical trials.

51
Q

what are crucial factors to consider when developing a new drug?

A

safety, effectiveness and dosage

52
Q

order of viral cell infection:

A

1) a virus enters a cell
2) substances in the cell begin to strip off the virus’s outer coat of protein.
3) the nucleic acid in the centre of the virus is released
4) the nucleic acid penetrates into the cell’s chemical manufacturing system.
5) the cell ignores its own chemical needs and switches to making new viruses.
6) the cell is sometimes destroyed in the process and many of the new viruses are released to infect other cells.

53
Q

red litmus : indicator

A

Acidic solution Stays red
Neutral solution Stays red
Alkaline solution Turns blue

54
Q

blue litmus: indicator

A

Acidic solution Turns red
Neutral solution Stays blue
Alkaline solution Stays blue

55
Q

Methyl yellow: indicator

A

Acidic solution red
Neutral solution yellow
Alkaline solution yellow

56
Q

Phenolphthalein : indicator

A

Acidic solution colourless
Neutral solution colourless
Alkaline solution pink

Science (7 decks)

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