9.3 pharmacist

Question 1

ph of acids?

Answer 1

1-6

Question 2

ph of neutral solutions?

Answer 2

7

Question 3

ph of alkaline solutions?

Answer 3

8-14

Question 4

what solutions do acids form in water?

Answer 4

acids form acidic solutions

Question 5

what solutions do alkalis form in water?

Answer 5

alkalis form alkaline solutions

Question 6

what sources are acids from? (and symbol)

Answer 6

hydrogen ions, H+

Question 7

what sources are alkalis from? (and symbol)

Answer 7

hydroxide ions, OH-

Question 8

what does Acid + Metal form?

Answer 8

–> salt + hydrogen

Question 9

what does Acid + Metal Oxide form?

Answer 9

–> salt + water

Question 10

what does Acid + Metal Hydroxide form?

Answer 10

–> salt + water

Question 11

What does Acid + Carbonate form?

Answer 11

–> salt + water + carbon dioxide

Question 12

What is a base?

Answer 12

any substance that reacts with any acid to form salt and water only.

Question 13

Give an example of a base?

Answer 13

Metal Oxides & Metal Hydroxides

Question 14

what are bases that are soluble in water called?

Answer 14

alkalis

Question 15

What is a neutralisation reaction?

Answer 15

a reaction between an acid and a base

Question 16

How do u form a solution?

Answer 16

a solute is dissolved in a solvent

Question 17

How is the concentration of a solution measured?

Answer 17

It is measured by how compacted the particles are in a given volume

Question 18

give an example of a solute?

Answer 18

salt

Question 19

give an example of a solvent

Answer 19

water

Question 20

what is a dilute solution?

Answer 20

a dilute solution is a solution containing a relatively small amount of dissolved solute.

Question 21

what is a concentrated solution?

Answer 21

a concentrated solution is a solution containing a large amount of dissolved solute.

Question 22

what do strong acids do?

Answer 22

strong acids completely dissociate ions into the solution

Question 23

what do weak acids do?

Answer 23

weak acids only partially dissociate ions into the solution

Question 24

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 24

a disease which can be transferred from one person to another

Question 25

what is a form of transmition of communicable diseases

Answer 25

water, air, direct contact, undercooked food

Question 26

what is a pathogen?

Answer 26

a microorganism that can cause a disease

Question 27

what are the 4 main pathogens?

Answer 27

virus, bacteria, fungi and protists

Question 28

what is the body's first line of defence?

Answer 28

Skin, Lysozmes, Hair and cilia, Stomach acid.

Question 29

what are Lysozmes?

Answer 29

enzymes found in tears and saliva

Question 30

what are Hair and cilia?

Answer 30

tiny hair in the air ways

Question 31

what is stomach acid?

Answer 31

hydrochloric acid that is strong

Question 32

what is the body's second line of defence?

Answer 32

Phagocytes

Question 33

what are Phagocytes?

Answer 33

a type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens and dead or dying cells

Question 34

what is the body's third line of defence?

Answer 34

Lymphocytes, Antitoxins.

Question 35

what are Lymphocytes?

Answer 35

white blood cells that release antibodies, that only for specific antigens

Question 36

what are antitoxins?

Answer 36

produced in response to neutralize harmful toxins produced by pathogens

Question 37

what are the physical barriers of the body?

Answer 37

skin, hair and cilia

Question 38

what are the chemical barriers of the body?

Answer 38

Lysozmes, Stomach acid, Phagocytes, Lymphocytes, Antitoxins

Question 39

what is the difference between a physical barrier and a chemical barrier?

Answer 39

Physical barriers are there to stop the pathogens from entering but don't kill it, whilst chemical barriers are there to kill the pathogens.

Question 40

what is an antigen?

Answer 40

an antigen is a substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

Question 41

what is an antibody?

Answer 41

an antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects an antigen

Question 42

what is an antibiotic?

Answer 42

antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply.

Question 43

what is a microbe?

Answer 43

a microorganism that causes a disease

Question 44

what is a non communicable disease?

Answer 44

a disease that cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

Question 45

examples of non communicable diseases?

Answer 45

heart disease, cancer, diabetes etc..

Question 46

how do antibiotics work?

Answer 46

antibiotics damage the bacterial cell by inhabiting their cellular processes, but do NOT damage the host cell.

Question 47

can viral (virus) diseases be cured by antibiotics?

Answer 47

no, as they produce inside of the host cell.

Question 48

why is it difficult to produce antiviral medication?

Answer 48

it is difficult to develop antiviral drugs, as they might damage the the host cell whilst killing the virus

Question 49

how do antiviral drugs work?

Answer 49

they only slow down the viral development, and since viruses change their antigens quickly, new viral drugs have to be generated quickly

Question 50

order of testing for new drugs?

Answer 50

preclinical drugs, animal trials, human clinical trials.

Question 51

what are crucial factors to consider when developing a new drug?

Answer 51

safety, effectiveness and dosage

Question 52

order of viral cell infection:

Answer 52

1) a virus enters a cell 2) substances in the cell begin to strip off the virus's outer coat of protein. 3) the nucleic acid in the centre of the virus is released 4) the nucleic acid penetrates into the cell's chemical manufacturing system. 5) the cell ignores its own chemical needs and switches to making new viruses. 6) the cell is sometimes destroyed in the process and many of the new viruses are released to infect other cells.

Question 53

red litmus : indicator

Answer 53

Acidic solution Stays red Neutral solution Stays red Alkaline solution Turns blue

Question 54

blue litmus: indicator

Answer 54

Acidic solution Turns red Neutral solution Stays blue Alkaline solution Stays blue

Question 55

Methyl yellow: indicator

Answer 55

Acidic solution red Neutral solution yellow Alkaline solution yellow

Question 56

Phenolphthalein : indicator

Answer 56

Acidic solution colourless Neutral solution colourless Alkaline solution pink